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34 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
any transgression of socially established norms
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social deviance
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the violation of laws enacted by society
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crime
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social bonds; how well people relate to each other and get along on a day-to-day basis
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social cohesion
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social cohesion based on sameness
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mechanical or segmental solidarity
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social cohesion based on difference and interdependence of the parts
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organic solidarity
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those mechanisms that create normative compliance in individuals
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social control
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mechanisms of social control by which rules or laws prohibit deviant criminal behavior
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formal social sanctions
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the usually unexpressed but widely know rules of group membership, the unspoken rules of social life
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informal social sanctions
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how well you are integrated into your social group or community
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social integration
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the number of rules guiding your daily life and, more specifically, what you can reasonable expect from the world on a day-to-day basis
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social regulation
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suicide that occurs when one is not well integrated int a social group
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egoistic suicide
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suicide that occurs when one experiences too much social integration
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altruistic suicide
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a sense of aimlessness or despair that arises when we can no longer reasonably expect life to be predictable; too little social regulation
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anomie
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suicide that occurs as a result of too little social regulation
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anomic suicide
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suicide that occurs as a result of too much social regulation
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fatalistic suicide
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Merton's theory that deviance occurs when a society does not give all its members equal ability to achieve socially acceptable goals
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strain theory
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accepts both goals and means; ex.-college student
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conformist
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rejects goals, accepts means; ex.-going to college for other reasons than jobs, parents make you
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ritualist
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accepts goals, rejects means; ex.-job right out of high school, work their way up
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innovator
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reject both goals and means; ex.- homeless person (assuming they chose this)
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retreatist
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rejects both goals and means, also seeks to fundamentally change society; ex.-social/political activist
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rebel
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a microlevel theory in which shared meaning, orientations, and assumptions form the basic motivations behind people's actions
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symbolic interactionism
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the belief that individuals subconsciously notice how other see or label them, and their reactions to those labels, over time, for the basis of their self-identity
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labeling theory
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the first act of rule-breaking that may incur a label of deviant and thus influence how people thing about and act toward you
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primary deviance
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subsequent acts of rule-breaking that occur after primary deviance and as a result of your new deviant label and people's expectations of you
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secondary deviance
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a negative social label that not only change your behavior toward a person but also alter that person's own self-concept and social identity
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stigma
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theory explaining how social context and social cues impact whether individuals act deviantly: specifically, whether local, informal social norms allow deviant acts
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broken window theory of deviance
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crime committed in public and often associated with violence, gangs, and poverty
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street crime
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offense committed by a professional(s) against a corporation agency, or other institutions
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white-collar crime
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a particular type of white-collar crime committed by the officers (CEO and other executives) of a corporation
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corporate crime
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philosophy of criminal justice arising from the notion that crime results from a rational calculation of its costs and benefits
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deterrence theory
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when an individual who have been involved with the criminal justice system reverts back to criminal behavior
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recidivism
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an institution in which one is totally immersed and that controls all the basics of day-to-day life; no barriers exist between the usual spheres of daily life, and all activity occurs in the same place and under the same single authority
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total institution
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a circular building composed of an inner ring and an outer ring designed to serve as a prison in which the detainees can always be seen and the observer, housed in the inner ring, is hidden from those being observed
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panopticon
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