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53 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
the interdependence of the global and the local, resulting in standardized values producing unique outcomes in different geographic areas and cultural settings
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glocalization
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the imperialistic ambitions of nations, corporations, and organizations and their desire to impose themselves on various societies and cultures
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grobalization
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people who live in a specific geographic territory, interact with one another, and share many elements of a common culture
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society
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a process in which socities grow more complex in terms of technology, social structure, and cultural knowledge over time
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sociocultural evolution
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types of societies:
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-a hunting gathering society
-a pastoral society -a horticultural society -an agrarian society -an industrial society -a postindustrial society |
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a society in which people make their living by hunting, collecting wild foods, and fishing with simple technologies
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hunting-gathering society
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a society that depends on domestic animals for its livelihood
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pastoral society
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a society in which hand tools are used to grow domesticated crops
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horticultural society
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a society that depends on crops raised with plows, draft animals, and intensive agricultural methods
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agrarian society
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a society that relies on machines and advanced technology to produce and distribute food, information, goods, and services
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industrial society
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a society in which service industries and the manufacture of information and knowledge dominate the economy
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postindustrial society
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the learned set of beliefs, values, norms, and material goods shared by group members
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culture
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artifacts, art, architecture, and other tangible goods that people create and assign meanings
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material culture
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mental blueprints that serve as guidelines for group behaviors
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nonmaterial culture
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anything to which group members assign meanings
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symbol
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a complex system of symbols with conventional meanings that people use for communication
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language
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assertions about the nature of reality
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beliefs
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shared ideas about what is socially desirable
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values
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U.S. core values:
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-individualism and freedom
-equality -achievement -efficiency and practicality -progress and technology -material comfort and consumerism -work and leisure |
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americans value their independence and the ability to make personal choices that are free of social constraints
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individualism and freedom
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people whould be able to compete openly and have a fair chance to achieve society's rewards
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equality
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most people desire to get ahead and to better the circumstances of their birth. this requires that each person compete with others for society's limited prizes.
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achievement
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people value a simple and direct approach to life and what are understood as commonsense, down to earth, approaches to problem solving
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efficiency and practicality
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americans value what is new and progressive and place a high value on technology as a solution to the problems of modern life
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progress and technology
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success and personal worth are measured in large part by the equality and quantity of material possessions
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material comfort and consumerism
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americans value hard work and labor and laud the efforts of those who put in long hours to accomplish goals and make something of themselves, but also value leisure and periods of free time
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work and leisure
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expectations and rules for proper conduct that guide behavior of group members
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norms
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informal rules and expectations that guide peoples' everyday behavior
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folkways
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salient norms that people consider essential to the proper working of society
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mores
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formal rules enacted and enforced by the power of the state, which apply to members of society
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laws
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prohibitions against behaviors that most members of a group consider to be so repugnant they are unthinkable
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taboos
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penalties or rewards society uses to encourage conformity and punish deviance
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sanctions
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feelings of confusion and disorientation that occur when a person encounters a very different culture
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culture shock
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the tendency to evaluate the customs of other groups according to one's own cultural standards
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ethnocentrism
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a perspective that asks that we evaluate other cultures according to their standards, not ours
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cultural relativism
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roper 2000 poll-top ten values for americans
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1. honesty
2. protecting the family/freedom 3. health and fitness 4. friendship 5. justice 6. stable peer relationships 7. knowledge 8. enjoying life 9. self esteem 10. learning |
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roper 2000 poll-top ten values globally
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1. protecting the family
2. health and fitness 3. honesty 4. self esteem 5. justice 6. friendship 7. freedom 8. knowledge 9. self reliance 10. wisdom |
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groups that share many elements of mainstream culture but maintain their own distinctive customs, values, norms, and lifestyles
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subcultures
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groups that reject the conventional wisdom and standards of behavior of the majority and provide alternatives to mainstream culture
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countercultures
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a movement that encourages respect and appreciation for cultural differences
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multiculturalism
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the belief that european cultures have contributed the most to human knowledge and are superior to all others
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eurocentrism
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the perspective that emphasizes the preeminence of african and african american culture in human development
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afrocentism
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what people should do, according to group norms and values
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ideal culture
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what people do in everyday social interaction
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real culture
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inconsistencies in a cultural system, especially in the relationship between technology and nonmaterial culture
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cultural lag
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an approach that examines the relationship between a culture and its total environment
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cultural ecological approach
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the domination of cultural industries by elite groups
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cultural hegemony
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science is the cornerstone of the new order, because:
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it produces both the technology and the technical skills necessary for the efficient functioning of postindustrial societies.
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the educational institution is important because:
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ideas become obsolete and new forms of knowledge must be learned
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the _____ is the central institution affecting all other institutions on earth.
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media
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changes brought about by multiculturalism:
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-developed the ability to adapt to different cultural contexts
-global languages in schools -literature of most ethnic groups in schools -raised awareness of gender, sexual orientation, disalilty, and other cultural differences -ethnic revival |
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associated with prosperous high tech societies that have a high degree of security; emphasize the quality of life and greater openness to change and diversity.
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postmodern values
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ogburn and cultural lag
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-found that material culture tends to change more rapidly than nonmaterial culture
-can cause cultural strains and contraindications, resulting in cultural lag |