Sociology 11Th Edition / Jon Shepard / Chapter 3

Front 1

Culture

Back 1

a peoples way of life that passes from generation to generation.

Front 2

Society

Back 2

a group of people living in a defined territory and participating in a common culture.

Front 3

Norms

Back 3

rules defining appropriate and inappropriate behavior.

Front 4

Folkways

Back 4

rules that cover customary ways of thinking, feeling, and behaving but lack moral overtones

Front 5

Mores

Back 5

norms of great moral importance.

Front 6

Taboo

Back 6

a mos so important that its violation is considered repugnant.

Front 7

Law

Back 7

norm that are formally defined and enforced by officials.

Front 8

Sanctions

Back 8

rewards and punishments used to encourage norms.

Front 9

Formal sanctions

Back 9

rewards and punishments that may be given by officially designated persons.

Front 10

Informal sanctions

Back 10

rewards and punishments that can be applied by most any member of the group.

Front 11

Values

Back 11

broad cultural principals that most people in a society consider desirable.

Front 12

Cognition

Back 12

the process of thinking, knowing, or processing information.

Front 13

Beliefs

Back 13

Ideas concerning the nature of reality.

Front 14

Nonmaterial culture

Back 14

the norms, values, and beliefs of a group of people.

Front 15

Material culture

Back 15

consists of concrete, tangible objects within a culture.

Front 16

Ideal culture

Back 16

cultural guidelines publicly embraced by members of a society; the guidelines we claim to accept.

Front 17

Real culture

Back 17

refers to actual behavior patterns.

Front 18

Symbols

Back 18

things that stand for, or represent something else.

Front 19

Gestures

Back 19

Facial expressions, posture, and body movements that carry culturally defined and shared symbolic meanings.

Front 20

Hypothesis of linguistic relativity

Back 20

the idea that one's perception of reality is based on language.

Front 21

Social category

Back 21

a group of persons that share a social characteristic such as age, sex, or religion.

Front 22

Subculture

Back 22

a group that is part of the dominant culture but differs from it in some important respects.

Front 23

Multiculturalism

Back 23

an approach that accents the viewpoints, experiences, and contributions of women and diverse ethnic and racial minorities.

Front 24

Counterculture

Back 24

a subculture that deliberately and consciously opposes certain central aspects of the dominant culture.

Front 25

Terrorism

Back 25

the illegal use of violence or threats of violence to intimidate a government, a group, or an individual in pursuit of a political, religious, economic, or social goal.

Front 26

Ethonocentrism

Back 26

the tendency to judge others in relation to one's own cultural standers.

Front 27

Culture shock

Back 27

the psychological and social stress we may experience when confronted with a radically different cultural environment.

Front 28

Cultural relativism

Back 28

the idea that any given aspect of a particular culture should be evaluated in relation to its place within the larger cultural context of which it is a part rather than according to some alleged universal standard that is applied across all cultures.

Front 29

Ethical relitivism

Back 29

the idea that morality depends on the norms of the group or society in which they exsist.

Front 30

Cultural universals

Back 30

general cultural traits thought to exist in all know cultures.

Front 31

Cultural particulars

Back 31

the widely varying, often distinctive ways societies demonstrate cultural universals.

Front 32

Sociobiology

Back 32

the study of the biological basis of human behavior.