Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
34 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
4 Arguments for the Need to Belong (Baumeister & Leary, 1995) We need to belong because... |
Evolutionary needs – need for relationships helps individuals and offspring survive Universal needs– all cultures have similar types of social relationships and dynamics Can be Satiable – it can be satisfied like other basic human needs Consequences if you do not belong – being cut off from others is bad for mental and physical health |
|
|
Two Ingredients to Belongingness |
-Regular social contact Stable, -ongoing relationship (Not mutually exclusive – results in only positive satisfaction) |
Long term short term |
|
Interpersonal relationships: |
Extended attachments between two or more individuals due to bonds of friendship, family, love, respect, or hierarchy |
|
|
Challengesin Relationship Research |
-Manystudies of relationships are not true experiments because they cant be forced a certain way -Mustuse natural experiments and longitudinal methods -Problemof self-selectionPeoplechoose their relationships; we can’texperimentally assign people to form extended, lasting social bondsb |
|
|
Evidencefor the Need to Belong |
-Harlow’sMonkeys - importance of early social contact for normal development -Feralchildren |
|
|
Twotypes of relationships (Clark & Milles, 1979) |
-Communal relationships: long term,loving,caring (e.g community) -Exchange relationships: give and take relationship, you get something (eg. money,sex) out of it but no true feelings |
|
|
Socialexchange theory: |
-we are more likely to be w/ someone who gives us rewards -Wecan get others to like us by rewarding them |
|
|
Factorsused to evaluate costs and rewards in relationships |
-Comparison level: what you think you deserve in a relationship -Comparison level for alternatives: what ppl think they can get from the relationship -Equity theory: when ppl are motivated to be fair in a relationship |
|
|
Attachment theory |
-early attachments with parents and other caregivers shape relationships |
|
|
Strange situation |
-experiment procedure in which an infant’sreaction is observed after the mother leaves the child in a room with astranger and then returns to the room |
|
|
Three different styles of adult attachment |
-Secure:relatively easy to get close too thers -Avoidant: somewhat uncomfortable being close;I find it difficult to trust -Anxious-ambivalent:I find that others are reluctant to get as close as I would like. I often worry that my partner doesn’t really love me or won’t stay with me. |
|
|
Attachment Dimensions |
-Anxiety dimension: worried about rejection and abandonment by relationship partners -Avoidance dimension: comfortable with intimacy and dependence on relationship partners
|
|
|
Stabilityof Attachment Styles |
-stable throughout life -but different attachment style acrossdifferent relationships -attachment style within a givenrelationship is not always stable (depends on culture |
|
|
Attraction and Proximity |
-Proximityinfluences who becomes friends and romantic partners -Proximityfacilitates chance encounters -MIT student housing project -friendshipswith people of differentracesor ages were between those who lived on the same floor |
|
|
Mere exposure effect |
-repeated exposure to a stimulus leads to greater liking of the it -mirror (we prefer the mirror image) -rats and music exp (cross,1967) |
|
|
Why does mere repeated exposure lead to liking? |
-Fluency:Easier to process information about familiar stimuli -Classical conditioning -social allergy effect = the opposite effect partner's annoying habit gets worse over time (buzzfeed) |
|
|
similarity in relationships |
-birds of a feather flock together -couples were more similar on 66 of88 different traits -interracial couples have more similar traits -male college students in a dorm |
|
|
Complementarity |
-people to seek out others withcharacteristics that are different from theirs -beauty and the beast |
|
|
Physical attraction |
-playsan important role in interpersonal attraction -find those they already like to bemore attractive -couples tend to perceive each otheras physically attractive (even if they are not -not always stable |
|
|
Benefitsof being attractive |
-More popular -Theirwork is evaluated more favorably -Morelikely to receive help when needed |
|
|
Haloeffect |
-belief that attractive ppl have lots of good qualities -successful,likable, intelligent, happier, more popular and personable -studies show they are actually happier -self fulfilling prohecies |
|
|
Attraction to Averageness |
-Faces that are more average (less abnormal) are seen as more attractive -Exaggerated features can also be seen as more attractive |
|
|
Bilateral Symmetry |
-departures from symmetry typicallyresult from injuries to an organism in utero,parasites,infectious diseases |
|
|
Evolutionary Perspectives of gender differences |
-Women more selective in theirchoice of mate cuz they want to have good offspring and resources -Men have greater desire for moresexual partners cuz they dont need to have offspring -Femalemate preferences change during ovulation |
|
|
Culturaly perspectives on gender differences |
Insocieties where genders have equal power, the greater female emphasis onfinding a mate with status and economic resources is lessened |
|
|
3Categories of Love |
-Companionate love:mutual understanding and caring (aka affectionate love ) - Compassionate love: communal relationship, that focuses responding to another person’s needs -Romantic love: intense emotion and sexual desire, (aka passionatelove ) |
|
|
Natureof Love (Robert Sternberg) |
-Passion, Intimacy and Committment -need all three |
|
|
Investment model of commitment |
-A model of interpersonal relationships maintaining that three determinants make partners more committed to each other -Satisfaction,Few alternative partners and Investments in the relationship |
|
|
Marital Dissatisfaction |
-50% of first marriages end inseparation -less satisfying today than theywere 30 years ago -Unhappy marriages have long-termconsequences |
|
|
Top predictors of divorce |
-Personality -Demographic factors (low SES) -Age (too young) |
|
|
4 behaviours harmful to relationships (The “FourHorsemen of the Apocalypse”) |
-Criticism -Defensiveness - Stonewalling(withdrawal from partner, refusal to interact emotionally) -Contempt(looking down on one’s partner; especially predictive ofthe relationship ending when contempt from women is directed at men |
|
|
John Gottman and Robert Levenson |
-Interaction dynamics approach -Videotaped married couples engaged in intense conversation about intense source of conflict -Interactions coded by researchers for positive and negative behaviours |
|
|
Creating Stronger Romantic Bonds (3 ways) |
-Capitalizing on the good -Being playful -Looking on the bright side |
|
|
Benefitsof arranged marriages |
-Avoidmismatches -Morerespectful in-laws -Avoiddisappointment as passion fades |
|