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33 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Schema
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Knowledge structures that represent substantial information about a concept, its attributes, and its relationships to other concepts
Used for evaluation, role-playing, identification, prediction |
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Script
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Knowledge structures that contain information about how people or other objects behave under varying circumstances (event schema)
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Heuristic
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Cognitive shortcut
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Types of schema
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Role schema, person schema, group schema (stereotypes)
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Stereotype threat
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Anxiety or concern in a situation where a person has the potential to confirm a negative stereotype about their social group
Study example: black students taking GRE |
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Fundamental Attribution Error
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We have a tendency to overestimate the importance of personal (dispositional) factors and to underestimate the situation influence as causes of behavior
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Self-determination theory
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focuses on the degree to which an individual’s behavior is self-motivated and self-determined
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Extrinsic vs intrinsic motivation
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Extrinsic: money, praise (Duncker’s candle problem)
Intrinsic: competence, autonomy, psychological relatedness; meaning (dan ariely) |
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Duncker’s candle problem
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Extrinsic vs intrinsic motivation
Glucksberg: 2 x 2 design of inside/outside box and cash prizes/no cash Low-drive (no prize): told obtaining norms for a task; High-drive (cash prize): instructed they would get cash prize depending on how quickly the problem was solved. Performed WORSE than low-drive subjects. Creates stress, or causes dominant habit to be prolonged preventing correct habit |
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Kahneman and Tversky
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Framing effect
hypothetical life and death situation. Participants asked to choose between treatments for 600 people affected by a deadly disease. Treatment A chosen when presented w/ positive effects (saves 200) but not when presented as negative (400 will die) |
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Framing effect
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Cognitive bias: react differently to particular choice if it is presented as a loss or a gain. Avoid risk w/ positive frame but seek when negative frame.
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Framing heuristics
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Representativeness: when people use categories (ex/ deciding is a person is a critical). High representativeness for a category if they are very similar to a prototype of that category
Availability: Ease with which a particular idea can be brought to mind; estimate how likely or frequent an event is on the basis of it’s availability Anchoring and adjustment: when people estimate a number. Starting from a readily available number and shifting either up or down to reach an answer that seems plausible; in T&K, people did not shift far enough away from the anchor. |
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Base Rate Fallacy
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Error in thinking; if presented with base rate (generic) information and specific information (pertaining to a specific case) brain tends to ignore the former and focus on the later
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Prejudice
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negative prejudgement of a group & its individual members (an attitude consisting of affect, behavior and cognition)
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Why does prejudice exist?
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Realistic conflict theory: Perception of conflicted goals and competition over limited resources; you want your group to do better than others’
Contact hypothesis: Allport. Ignorance of other people leads to prejudice. One of the most effective ways to reduce prejudice- if one has opportunity to communicate with others, they are able to understand and appreciate different points of views involving their way of life; as a result of new appreciation and understanding, discrimination/prejudice should diminish Rationalization for oppression Cognitive shortcut To boost self esteem |
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Discrimination
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unjustifiable negative behavior toward a group or its members
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Stereotypes
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an overgeneralized belief about the personal attributes of a group of people
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Outgroup homogeneity effect
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perception of outgroup members as more similar to one another than in-group members; recognizing people in your group are different from you but painting members of an outgroup as all the same
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Sherif 1
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Robbers Cave camping study with the Rattlers and Eagles
Three stages: ingroup formation (split into groups); friction phase (groups entered in competiton with each other in various games & negative attitudes and behaviors developed); integration stage (tensions reduced through team-work driven tasks requiring cooperation) individual differences not necessary or responsible for intergroup conflict to occur Hostile & aggressive attitudes toward an outgroup arise when groups compete for resources that only one group can attain Contact with an outgroup alone is insufficient to reduce negative attitudes |
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Vohs and Schooler
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Encouraging a belief in determinism (instead of free will) encourages anti-social behavior
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Joiner Interpersonal Theory of Suicide
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Three factors: Perceived burdensomeness, sense of alienation, and increased ability to harm oneself
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Rational Choice theory
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balancing costs against benefits to arrive at action that maximizes personal advantage
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Effect of alcohol on self-regulation
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The self’s abilities to regulate its own behaviors
Alcohol is not good for it! How: Decreases glucose > energy of brain > inhibition lowered |
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Baumeister research into self-control
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Self-control is like a muscle; can be fatigued like any other muscle
Ego depletion. Ability to self-regulate is limited and after using it there is less ability/energy to self-regulate Link btw ego depletion & blood glucose levels Fatigue only affects controlled behaviors, not automatic Automatic vs. controlled behaviors |
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Dan Ariely research
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Meaning to task = more productive
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Johnson & Goldstein research:
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Organ donation by country
Reviewed what default option was Where donation is default there is an increase in donor rate. Most Americans express favor of organ donation, but burden of switching lies on them |
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Social influence
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change in belief, attitude or overt behavior based on real or imagined pressure from others
My Lai Massacre; Jonestown |
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Normative social influence
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we want to fit in; we want to be liked publicly
public conformity, people fear social rejection strong group consensus leads people to do things they wouldn’t normally groupthink: emphasis on group unanimity at expense of critical thinking Asch lines study |
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What factors affect normative social influence?
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we want to fit in; we want to be liked publicly
public conformity, people fear social rejection strong group consensus leads people to do things they wouldn’t normally groupthink: emphasis on group unanimity at expense of critical thinking |
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Informational social influence
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if other people are doing it, it’s right.
public conformity & private acceptance fear of rejection Sherif autokinetic |
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More likely to conform to informational?
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Informational:
Situation is ambiguous Situation is in crisis when other people are experts |
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Miller and Maner
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behavioral mimicry: Chameleon effect! Appears when subject wants the other person to like them
Function?: Mating; being impressive (affiliation) |
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Sherif study looking at the autokinetic effect
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Labeled as visual perception; look at how long it takes group to come to consensus on how far an unmoving dot moved; if they changed in reaction to each other
Informational social influence Autokinetic; in a dark room we perceive an unmoving light as moving |