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24 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
scientific theory |
a statement that satisfies three requirements: It is about constructs; it describes causal relations; and it is general in scope, although the range of generality differs for different theories |
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constructs |
abstract and general concepts that are used in theories and that are not directly observable |
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construct validity |
the extent to which the independent and dependent variables used in research correspond to the theoretical constructs under investigation |
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independent/dependent variable |
know it |
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social desirability response bias |
people’s tendency to act in ways that they believe others find acceptable and approve of |
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self-report measures |
those based on asking the individual about his or her thoughts, feelings or behaviors |
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observational measures |
those based on directly watching and recording people’s behavior, including online behavior |
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archival measures |
those based on examining traces of past behavior |
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performance measures |
those that ask participants to perform some task as well as they can |
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physiological measures |
those based on measurement of some physiological process such as heart rate or muscle movements |
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EEG/fMRI |
measures use electrical signals on the scalp to very accurately detect the times at which specific neural events occurAND indirectly measures the activation levels of specific brain regions |
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internal validity |
the extent to which it can be concluded that changes in the independent variable actually caused changes in the dependent variable in a research study |
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experimental/non-experimental |
a research design in which researchers randomly assign participants to different groups and manipulate one or more independent variables AND when both independent and dependent variables are measured |
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random assignment |
know it |
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manipulate |
intentionally varying some factor as the independent variable in an experimental research design |
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confederate |
a research assistant playing a specific role in the study, such as pretending to be just another participant |
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external validity |
the extent to which research results can be generalized to other appropriate people, times, and settings |
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generalizing to/across |
specific target population and setting AND various non-specific types of people and settings |
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demand characteristics |
cues in a research setting that lead participants to make inferences about what researchers expect or desire and that therefore bias how the participants act |
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field research |
research that takes place outside the lab |
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meta-analysis |
a systematic technique for locating studies on a particular topic and summarizing their results |
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contact hypothesis |
theory that states that casual, friendly contact with members of a different ethnic group increases liking for that group |
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john stewart (1980) |
found attractive defendants got shorter sentences (non experimental study correlating attractiveness and prison sentence length) |
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Sigall & OStrove (1975) |
found attractive thieves get shorter sentences (experimental study where attractiveness was manipulated) |