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72 Cards in this Set
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The Civil Rights Movement
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· Collection of organizations and people who carried out political acts aimed at dismantling the white power structure by abolishing racial segregation, non-white disenfranchisement, and economic exploitation |
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The NAACP
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· National Association for the Advancement of Colored People · The dominant black protest organization that preceded the modern Civil Rights Movement |
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Montgomery Bus Boycott
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· First major demonstrations of the Civil Rights Movement · Few days after December 1, 1955 · Rosa Parks, in defiance of Alabama segregation laws, refused to relinquish her bus seat to a white man |
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Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)
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· Montgomery Improvement Association (MIA) gave was to this larger and more powerful organization |
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Student Nonviolent Coordination Committee (SNCC)
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· Formed out of preexisting networks made of black clergy engaged in political action · Incorporated into one organization hundreds of politically mobilized young people, many of whom were college students |
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Freedom Rides
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· Small group of black and white activists from a group called, “Congress of Racial Equality (CORE)”, decided to test the ruling (supreme court outlawed racial segregation in interstate bus terminals) · Got as far as Birmingham from DC, then were severely beaten |
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Freedom Summer
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· 1964: 1,000 volunteers from white colleges were trained in non-violent tactics and sent to Mississippi in a massive project · Two Goals: o Increasing voter registration o Bringing quality education to Mississippi’s poorest areas through the establishment of Freedom Schools |
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Selma to Montgomery March
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· Hundreds of activists lined up in pairs and began the march · Never made in out of Selma, were stopped with billy clubs and tear gas |
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Voting Rights Act of 1965
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· Prohibited voter discrimination, outlawed literacy tests and gave the federal government power to oversee voter registration |
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Civil Rights Act of 1964
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· Cracked legal segregation, outlawing discrimination on the basis of race, religion, sex or national origin in hotels, theaters, transportation, restaurants, and the workplace |
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American Indian Movement
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· Activists participated in acts of civil disobedience that involved over seventy property seizures, including a week-long takeover of the Bureau of Indian Affairs headquarters |
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United Farm Workers of America
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· Labor union dedicated to “provide farm workers and other working people with the inspiration and tools to share in society’s bounty · Secured union contracts that secured fair working conditions such as rest periods, access to clean water, and pension plans |
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White backlash
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· Mounted in direct response to the Civil rights movement, a backlash fueled by conservatives and liberals alike |
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Coded language
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· Right wing politicans used it to defend the white power structure |
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Discursive co-optation
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· Appropriate the language of the Civil Rights Movement while promoting agendas aimed at dismantling the movement |
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Racially polarized
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· The majority of whites tilt toward the GOP, while the majority of nonwhite lean in the opposite direction |
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Superficial representation
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· Process of appointing to political positions nonwhites disconnected from the needs and problems of most nonwhite citizens |
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Substantive representation
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· Genuine political representatives and those of nonwhite citizens |
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Gerrymandering
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· Irregularly shaped political districts to secure reelection |
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Tyranny of the majority * |
* the fact that our political system is often steered by majority interests that overrun minority rights and concerns
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Threat hypothesis
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· Compared to whites who live in racially homogeneous areas, whites who live near nonwhites are more likely to develop racist attitudes about nonwhite people |
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Principle-implemenation gap
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· The disconnect between what whites say they want (no discrimination) and what they do to help (nothing) |
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Felon disenfranchisement
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· Effective way of diminishing nonwhite political power Implicit racial appeals · Two conditions: o politicians wish to avoid violating the norm of racial equality o politicians face incentives to mobilize racially resentful white voters reparations social movement that need not speak its name |
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New Deal
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· FDR: several programs dealing with welfare, work and war designed to uplift Americans |
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GI bill of rights
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· Massive |
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Deindustrialization
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· Manufacturing jobs began disappearing from the Northeast and Midwest |
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Supply-side economics
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· Reaganomics |
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Income
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· Wages and salaries earned from employment, retirement, or government aid |
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Wealth
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· Owned assets that yield monetary return, such as stocks and bonds, savings accounts, houses and real estate, business and farm ownership |
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Segregated labor force
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history of racial domination in the US economy has left us with a highly segregated labor force i.e. there is still “Hispanic work” and “black work” that is actually worked by a majority of people who belong to these races. |
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Embedded
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· Economy embedded in society- its history and culture |
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Poverty line
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· 20% of Americans live below it |
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black ghetto
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· racial institution marked by social isolation and economic vulnerability frist formed when blacks emigrated north during the early 20th century |
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spatial mismatch thesis
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· holds that jobs that employed large numbers of semi-skilled black workers were moved in large numbers from the central city to the suburbs at the end of the 20th century residential segregation |
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brain drain
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· the more educated, wealthy, and privileged left behind families who constituted the “truly disadvantaged” |
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Tribal Sovereignty
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· The power of Indian tribes to act as semi-autonomous states, designing and running their own system of governance |
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Segmented assimilation theory
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· Immigrants are absorbed into different segments of the American landscape |
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Immigration and nationality act of 1965
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· Abolishing national-origin quotas
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Class privileges
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what assets immigrants bring with them from their home country like education and multilingual. |
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Ethnic enclave |
semi-autonomous economy, large or small, that is owned, operated, and managed by members of the same immigrant or ethnic community |
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Opportunity hoarding
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· When members of one race acquire access to a resource that is valuable, renewable, and subject to monopoly and guard that resource from members of other races |
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Disadvantage breeds disadvantage
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* since blacks and Latinos are discriminated against when applying for jobs, many have spotty work history. Since they have a spotty work history, they are less attractive to employers…..etc.
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Split labor market
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* a split market is steered by the struggles of three groups: the business elite, higher paid labor, and cheap labor.
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Interracialism
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· The process of forming a racially integrated political community that works toward a common goal |
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Homosocial reproduction
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* filling positions of power with people who are like those already in these positions.
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Welfare
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* government provisions intended to help disadvantaged people, including those who are poor, elderly, war veterans, unemployed, and disabled.
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Glass ceilings
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* unspoken obstacles to advancement designed to handicap members of dominated groups.
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Corporate welfare
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* government provisions reserved exclusively for corporations or industries, payments and benefits including grants, contracts, subsidies, tax relief, low-interest loans, and government services.
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Affirmative action
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* an umbrella term referring to a collection of policies and practices designed to address past wrongs, institutional racism, and sexism by offering people of color and women both employment and educational opportunities.
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Lynch mob
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· Torture to death |
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Vagabond laws
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· Outlawed begging and loitering |
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Prison boom
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· Rapid expansion of American incarceration, which began in the early 1970s and continues to this day |
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Three-Strikes law
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· Intensified punishment for repeat offenses, with many such laws imposing a life sentence for the third offense |
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Bipolar discursive frame
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· An exaggerated way of thinking that relies on two paired opposites |
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Prison industrial complex
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· Uneasy alliance between government and private industry |
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Underground economy
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· Combined forms of enterprise classified as criminal under current law |
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Urban street gangs
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· Members of which are vital players in the underground economy |
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White collar crime
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· Illegal activities: fraud, identity theft, tax evasion, money laundering |
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Neoliberalism
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· A form of social organization in which the dynamics of the market are given priority over other concerns |
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Structural disadvantage
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· The concentrated accumulation of overlapping and mutually reinforcing social problems in a single residential area |
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Code of the street
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· Requires them to present themselves as aggressive, hard menaces, who are not to be trifled with and who at a seconds notice could resort to violence |
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Deterrent effect
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Must weight costs with rewards of the crime |
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Real utopias
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· Alternative realities |
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Racial intelligence
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· Logic, rational decision making and good sense |
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Scientization of politics and public opinion
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· A situation in which “scientific experts advise the decision makers and in which politicians consult scientists in accordance with practical needs” |
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Assimilation
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· American ideal of the melting pot |
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Hyphenation
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· Does tolerate outsiders’ qualities and so is less rigid than assimilation |
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Multiculturalism
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· Welcomes both the outsider and her or his qualities |
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Disingenuous reflexivity
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not being true to yourself and convincing yourself that you are one of the two extremes “I do not have a racist bone in my body” or “I am so completely racist; I am helpless” |
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Four useful techniques for holding people accountable
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· Take their prejudices seriously · Ask people questions · Do your homework · Do not turn it into a debate you think you can win |
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Individual action
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· Requires conducting ourselves in a certain manner within the institutions to which we belong so as to promote racial justice |
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Seven components of successful political protest
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· Realize you have power · Build coalitions · Remember that the insurgency matters more than the insurgent organization · Exploit weaknesses in the dominant system · Do not be afraid to break some rules · Plan for the long haul |