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51 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Prokaryote |
A cell that does not contain a nucleus or other membrane-bound organelles (e.g. archaea and bacteria) |
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Eukaryote |
A cell that contains a nucleus + other organelles, each surrounded by a thin membrane (e.g. protists, fungi, animals, plants) |
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Organelle |
A cell structure that performs a specific function for the cell |
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Cell Theory |
- All living things are made up of one or more cells & their products - The cell is the simplest unit that can carry out all life processes - All cells come from other cells; they do not come from non-living matter |
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DNA |
- Deoxyribonucleic Acid - The material in the nucleus of a cell that contains all of the cell's genetic information |
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Cell Membrane |
"Skin" of the cell; controls substances that enter the cell |
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Cytoplasm |
Fluid that surrounds + supports all of the organelles |
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Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) |
Network of fluid filled tubes that transport materials such as proteins around the cell |
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Golgi bodies |
They collect + process all the materials to be removed from the cell. They also make and secrete mucus. |
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Mitochrondria |
- "Power plants" - Produce energy for the cell. Active cells, like muscle cells, have more mitochrondria than inactive fat-storage cells |
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Nucleus |
- "Control centre" of the cells - Contains all the genetic info in the form of DNA |
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Vacuoles |
- Fluid filled sacs with many functions (e.g. storage) - Plants usually have one large vacuole; when full of water it keeps stem + leaves full |
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Organelles Specific to Plants |
- Cell Wall - Chloroplasts |
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Cell Wall |
In a rigid porous structure of cellulose found on the outside of the cell membrane |
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Chloroplasts |
Green organelles that produce food for the cell which takes up most of the cell |
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Cell Division |
3 Reasons: - Reproduction - Growth - Repair |
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Cell Division: Reproduction |
2 Types: - Asexual reproduction - Sexual reproduction |
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Asexual Reproduction |
The process of producing offspring from only one parent; the offspring are genetically identical to the parent |
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Sexual Reproduction |
The process of producing offspring by the fusion of two gametes; the offspring has genetic information from both parents |
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Gametes |
Sometimes called "half cells", they only contain 1/2 the DNA of a normal cell |
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Cell Division: Growth |
- One of the main characteristics of life is that all organisms grow - In order for an organism to grow the cell must divide to make more cells - If a cell becomes too large, the processes in the cell cannot function properly. The only option for an organism to grow is to make more cells |
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Cell Division: Repair |
- Another reality of life is the fact that cells cannot live forever - Every day, your body sheds millions of dead skin cells, all of which are replaced by new ones. If you break a bone, cells divide to heal the break - All organisms need to repair themselves to stay alive |
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Cell Cycle stages |
- Interphase - Mitosis - Cytokinesis |
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Interphase |
The stage of the cell cycle during which the cell performs its normal functions and its genetic material is copied in preparation for cell division. - Longest stage - DNA is duplicated - More organelles form |
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Mitosis |
The stage of the cell cycle in which the DNA in the nucleus is divided; the first part of cell division |
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4 Phases of Mitosis |
- Prophase - Metaphase - Anaphase - Telophase |
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Prophase |
First phase of mitosis; chromosomes become visible, nuclear membrane dissolves |
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Metaphase |
Second phase of mitosis; in which the chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell |
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Anaphase |
Third phase of mitosis; the sister chromatids separate into daughter chromosomes, and move to opposite ends of the cell |
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Telophase |
Final phase of mitosis; the chromatids unwind, nuclear membrane reforms in each cell around the chromosomes The cells begin to pinch in the middle |
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Chromatids |
DNA was copied during Interphase, so each chromosome consists of two identical strands called chromatids |
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Spindle Fibers |
Formed during late interphase, they control the movement of the chromosomes |
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Cytokinesis |
- The final phase of cell division - The cytoplasm divides, producing two genetically identical daughter cells |
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Cancer |
Cancer is a broad group of diseases that result in uncontrolled cell division |
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Tumour |
- A mass of cells that continue to grow and divide without any obvious function in the body - 2 types: benign and malignant |
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Benign Tumour |
A tumour that does not affect surrounding tissues other than by physically crowding them |
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Malignant Tumour |
A tumour that interferes with the functioning of surrounding cells; a cancerous tumour |
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Metastasis |
The process of cancer cells breaking away from the original (primary) tumour and establishing another (secondary) tumour elsewhere in the body |
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Mutation |
A random change in the DNA of a cell |
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Carcinogen |
any environmental factor that causes cancer |
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Methods of Cancer Screening |
- Pap Test - Sample of cervical cells - Breast or Testicular Self-Examination - PSA Blood Test - The ABCD of Moles - Asymmetry, Border, Colour, Diameter |
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Diagnosis: Imaging Technologies |
- Endoscopy - X-ray - Ultrasound - CT Scanning - MRI |
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Biopsy |
When a sample of the tumour is removed in order to closely examine it under a microscope |
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Cancer Treatment Methods |
- Surgery: physically removing the tumour - Chemotherapy: the use of drugs to treat or slow the growth of the cancer - Radiation: Ionizing radiation is directed on the tumour which easily kills the cancer cells |
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Biophotonics |
The technology of using light energy to diagnose, monitor, and treat living cells and organisms |
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Specialized Cells - Animals (1/2) |
- Red blood cells - Carries oxygen around the body - Muscle Cells- Contract to become shorter, helps bones move - Fat Cells - Store chemical energy - Skin Cells - Cover the entire body, blocking germs and viruses |
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Specialized Cells - Animals (2/2) |
- White Blood Cells - Fights infection - Nerve Cells - Conduct electrical impulse to coordinate body activity - Bone Cells - Provide structure to our bodies - Sperm/Egg Cells - Carries 1/2 the genetic code of life |
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Specialized Cells - Plants (Processes) |
- Transport water - Transport dissolved sugars - Starch storage - Absorb water from the soil - Make energy from the Sun - Control amount of water loss |
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Cellular Differentiation |
The process by which a cell becomes specialized to perform a specific function |
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Stem Cell |
An undifferentiated cell that can divide to form specialized cells. There are two types of stem cells, embryonic and tissue |
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Stem Cells (Significance) |
- Cord Blood Cell Banking: the storage of tissue stem cells from cord blood - Tissue Stem Cell Transplantation: Transfer of bone marrow from donor to patient - Regeneration and Tissue Engineering |