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142 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Phonemic Transcription |
Uses IPA between slash marks (e.g, /ozaki/) |
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Phonetic transcription |
Uses allophones between brackets (e.g, [ozaki]) |
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Allophones |
Don't change word meanings, but sound different in different words with different speakers |
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Syllable |
Smallest phonetic unit. Open syllables end in vowels, closed syllables end in consonants. |
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Syllable units |
Onset: Initial consonant or cluster, Nucleus: vowel or dipthong; Coda: Consonant at end of the syllable |
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Morphology |
Study of word structure, how words are formed from morphemes |
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Morpheme |
Smallest unit of language |
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Free Morpheme |
Have meaning on their own, can't be broken down, can have bound morphemes added. Ex: color, ocean, book. |
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Bound Morpheme |
Don't have meaning on their own, must be joined with free to have meaning. Ex: -s, -ment, dis- |
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Syntax |
Grammar, the rules that specify the order in which words may be combined into sentences |
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Cerebral Dominance Theory |
Persons who stutter are less to have developed unilateral cerebral dominance and are often ambidextrous |
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Repetitions |
Part-word, whole-word, and phrase repetitions |
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Forms of dysfluencies |
Repetitions, sound prolongations, silent prolongations, interjections, pauses, broken words, incomplete sentences, revisions |
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Incidence |
Rate of occurrence in a specified group of people |
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Prevalence |
Counting the number of individuals who currently have a disorder |
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Spontaneous recovery of stuttering |
Disappearance of stuttering without professional help |
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Familial Prevalence |
-Frequency with which a given condition appears in successive generations of blood relatives -Higher in families that have a female who stutters -Sons of mothers who stutter run greater risk of stuttering than sons of fathers who stutter |
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Concordance |
Occurrence of the same clinical condition in both members of a twin pair |
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Associated Motor Behaviors for Stuttering |
Excessive muscular effort, facial grimaces, hand and foot movements, rapid eye blinking, knitting of the eyebrows, lip pursing, rapid opening and closing of mouth, tongue clicking |
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Associated Breathing Abnormalities for Stuttering |
Attempts to speak on inhalation, holding breath before talking, speaking without first inhaling, rapid and jerky breathing during speech, exhaling puffs of air during stuttered speech, generally tensed breathing |
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Loci of Stuttering |
Locations in a speech sequence where stuttering is typically observed |
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Loci of stuttering for adults and school-age children |
Stuttering is more likely to occur: with consonants than with vowels, on the first sound or syllable of a word, on the first word in a phrase or sentence, on longer words, with less frequently used words, and on content words |
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Loci of stuttering for preschool children |
Same as for adults and school aged children except that stuttering tends to occur on function words |
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Adaptation Effect |
-Systematic reduction in the frequency of stuttering when a short printed passage is repeatedly read aloud -Usually occurs by fifth reading |
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Consistency Effect |
Occurrence of stuttering on the same word or loci when a passage is read aloud repeatedly |
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Adjacency Effect |
Occurrence of new stuttering on words that surround previously stuttered words |
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Audience Size Effect |
Frequency of stuttering increases wit an increase in audience size |
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Laryngeal Dysfunction Hypotheses |
Stuttering is due to aberrant laryngeal functions
-slightly delayed voice onset time -increased tension in laryngeal muscles -aberrant muscle behavior -excessive laryngeal muscle activity |
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Brutten and Shoemaker theory |
Stuttering consists of fluency disruption due to classically conditioned negative emotion |
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Diagnosogenic Theory |
When parents punish a child's normal nonfluencies the child develops anticipatory, apprehensive, and hyptertonic avoidance reactions that are stuttering
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Sheehan Theory |
Hesitations and repetitions indicate a conflict between a desire to approach speaking situations and an equally strong desire to avoid them |
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Bloodstein Theory |
Stuttering is a response to tension and fragmentation in speech |
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Psychological Method of Stuttering Treatment |
Discussion of psychological problems associated with stuttering, discussion of feelings, emotions, and attitudes associated with stuttering |
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Fluent-Stuttering Method |
-Van Riper's stutter-more-fluently approach -Teaching stuttering identification -Desensitizing the client to his or her stuttering -Modifying stuttering (cancellations, pull-outs, and preparatory sets) -Stabilizing treatment gains -Counseling the client |
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Fluency-Shaping Method |
-Goal to establish normal fluency -Teach airflow management, slower rate of speech, and gentle onset of phonation |
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Fluency Reinforcement Method |
-reinforce fluent speech in naturalistic conversational contexts |
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Direct Stuttering Reduction Methods |
-Seeks to reduce stuttering directly -Time-out (pause-and-talk): pause after each dysfluency -Response cost: clinician takes away a positive reinforcer |
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Cluttering |
-Disorder of fluency characterized by rapid but disordered articulation, possibly combined with a high rate of dysfluencies and disorganized thought and language |
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Larynx |
Valve on top of trachea, helps build air pressure below, houses vocal folds |
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Cover-Body Theory of Phonation |
Epithelium, superficial layer of lamina propria, and much of intermediate layer vibrate as a "cover" on a relatively stationary "body" (intermediate layer, deep layer, and TA muscle) |
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Ventricular Folds |
False VF, lie above true folds, used only during lifting and coughing |
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Aryepiglottic folds |
Separate pharynx and laryngeal vestibule |
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CN VII |
Innervates posterior belly of digastric muscle |
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CN X |
Innervates larynx via superior laryngeal nerve and recurrent laryngeal nerve |
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Superior Laryngeal Nerve |
Internal- all sensory to larynx External - motor innervation to cricothyroid |
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Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve |
All motor innervation to interarytenoid, posterior cricoarytenoid, thyroarytenoid, and lateral criocoarytenoid muscles |
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Intrinsic Laryngeal Muscles - Adductors |
Thyroarytenoids, cricothyroids, lateral cricoarytenoids, transverse arytenoids, oblique arytenoids |
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Intrinsic Laryngeal Muscles - Abductors |
Posterior cricoarytenoids |
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Extrinsic Laryngeal Muscles - Infrahyoid |
Depressors -Thyrohyoids, omohyoids, sternothyroids, sternohyoids |
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Extrinsic Laryngeal Muscles - Suprahyoid |
Elevators -Digastrics, geniohyoids, mylohyoids, stylohyoids, genioglossus, hyoglossus |
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Mean Fundamental Frequency |
Females: MFF of 180-250, 225 Hz Males: MFF of 100-150, 125 Hz |
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Maximum Phonation Time (MPT) |
Adults: 20.9-24.6 Children: 14.97-17.74 |
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Geriatric Voice |
Females: voice lowers to MFF of 201 Hz Males: voice raises to MFF of 132-146 Hz |
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Jitter |
Frequency perturbation |
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ASHA |
American Speech-Language Hearing Association |
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SLP Scope of Practice |
-NOT prescribing hearing aids -Prevention, screening, consultation, assessment, diagnosis, treatment, management, counseling, follow-up services for disorders of: speech, language, swallowing, cognition, AAC, hearing screening, collaboration, education, advocacy, multidisciplinary work |
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CCC-SLP |
Certificate of Clinical Competence in Speech-Language Pathology issued to individuals who have: -earned master's degree or equivalent -fulfilled clinical practicum and fellowship requirements -400 hours of clinical work -passing score on Praxis |
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Speech-Language Pathology Assistants |
Can: implement treatment plans developed by supervising SLP; assist with screenings, assessments, research, training; document client performance; check and maintain equipment; collect and document data
Cannot: administer tests, interpret results; screen or diagnose feeding or swallowing disorders, participate in parent or case conferences, write or modify treatment plans; select, refer, or discharge clients; disclose confidential info, demonstrate swallowing strategies |
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State Regulations of Profession |
-State department of ed gives credentials -Most state gov issues licenses for practice -Most professional settings require CCC, state licensure, or both |
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PL 94-142 |
1975: Education of the Handicapped Act -Least restrictive environment -IEPs -Guaranteed right to impartial due process -Funding for local and state agencies |
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PL 99-457 |
-Increased funding for early intervention services -Funds for infants and toddlers with disabilities -All providers must meet state's highest requirement for their discipline -IFSPs and multidisciplinary programming -Eligibility for at-risk preschoolers |
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IDEA |
Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (1990) -reauthorized PL 94-142 -expanded number of disabilities |
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ADA |
Americans with Disabilities Act (1990) -civil rights protection relative to employment, government services, telecommunications, and public accommodations to all individuals with disabilities |
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HIPAA |
Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act -protects patients' medical records and other health information and how it is shared between covered entities |
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Effective Counseling Qualities |
objectivity, competence, honesty, flexibility, empathy, trustworthiness, emotional stability, motivational, nonjudgmental, positive yet realistic |
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Psychodynamic Theory of Counseling |
-Make clients conscious of repressed issues and help them resolve issues to promote healthy personality -Based on Freud's theories of id, ego, and superego |
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Client-Centered Theory of Counseling |
Person-centered therapy -empathic relationship between client and therapist that allows client to freely experience and express all emotions |
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Behavioral Theory of Counseling |
Clinicians focus on specific outcomes of counseling and interacting |
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Cognitive-Behavioral Theory of Counseling |
Change client's thinking -> change their belief system -> change their behavior |
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Eclectic Approach to Counseling |
Combination of client-centered, behavioral, and cognitive-behavioral approaches |
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Extraneous factors for counseling |
Gender, age, culture, time, and religion |
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Rationalization |
logical but untrue explanation of why something occurred |
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Reaction formation |
Experiencing thoughts and emotions that are shocking, thus reacting with opposite emotions |
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Displacement |
Take feelings of hostility or anger about a situation and transfer them to a safe object or person |
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Projection |
Attributing your own emotions, thoughts, or actions to someone else |
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Repression |
Keeping thoughts and feelings under control and away from others, unaware of these feelings |
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Suppression |
Keeping thoughts and feelings highly controlled, consciously aware of feelings |
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SOAP Notes |
S: Subjective O: Objective A: Assessment P: Plan |
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Universal disease precautions |
Wear gowns, wash hands before and after contact, sharps in "sharps" disposal, wear gloves, eye and mouth protection |
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Adults with AIDS |
-dementia, aphasia, motor-speech impairment, ataxia, dysphagia, voice problems, apathy, reduced verbal output, confabulations, language of confusion |
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Children with AIDS |
Hearing impairment secondary to otitis media, language delays, cognitive problems, artic disorders, elective mutism, hysterical aphonia |
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Tomography |
Computerized radiographic method of taking pictures of different planes of body structures |
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Computerized axial tomography scan |
CAT scan. -x-ray beams circle through segments of brain, camera takes pictures of sections being scanned -Scanner detects density differences -Detects hemorrhages, lesions, tumors, etc. |
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Electroencephalography |
EEG -measures electrical impulses in the brain through surface electrodes on the scalp -shows different kinds of brain waves |
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Magnetic Resonance Imaging |
MRI -shows detail in brain and spinal cord structure -alignment and realignment of nuclei of atoms in cell when structure is placed in a strong magnetic field |
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Positron emission tomography |
PET -imaging of metabolic activity through measurements of radioactivity -differences in radioactivity suggest rates of cerebral metabolism |
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Single-photon emission tomography |
SPECT -evaluates amount of blood flowing through a structure -also known as regional cerebral bloodflow -helps assess cerebral metabolism |
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Videofluoroscopy |
x-ray of barium coated structures -used for MBS |
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Embryonic Growth of Facial Structures |
Frontonasal process: nose, central part of upper lip, primary palate Maxillary Processes (2): most of face, mouth, cheeks, hard palate, alveolar ridge, and soft palate Mandibular Processes (2): mandible, lower lip, chin |
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Etiology of Clefts |
Genetic: autosomal dominant, recessive genetic, x-linked, or chromosomal abnormalities Environmental: FAS, illegal drug use, prescription drugs, rubella Mechanical: intrauterine crowding, twinning, uterine tumor, amniotic rupture |
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Classification of Clefts |
Cleft lip, cleft of alveolar process, cleft of prepalate, cleft of palate, cleft of prepalate and palate |
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Microforms |
Minimal expressions of clefts -submucous clefts (occult cleft palate): surface tissues of soft or hard palate fuse but underlying muscle or bone does not |
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Communication Disorders Associated with Clefts |
Hearing loss - due to otitis media Articulation Disorders - difficulty with unvoiced sounds, pressure consonants, nasal air emission, distortion of vowels Language Disorders - mostly normal, some initial delay, disorders when cleft is associated with a genetic syndrome Laryngeal and Phonatory - vocal nodules, hypertrophy, hoarseness, resonance disorders |
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Nasopharyngoscopy |
Examination of velopharyngeal mechanism to observe posterior and lateral pharyngeal walls, nasal aspect of velum and adenoid pad, as client produces sentences |
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Velopharyngeal Closure Assessment |
Oral manometer, nasometer |
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Surgical Management of Clefts |
Primary Surgery - initial surgery when clefts are closed Secondary Surgery - for appearance and functioning Lip Surgery - when baby is 3 mos or weighs 10 lbs Palatal Surgery - baby is 9-24 mos |
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V-Y Retroposition |
Veau-Wardill-Kilner -single-based flaps of palatal mucoperiosteum raised on either side of cleft, brought together and pushed back to close the cleft -lengthens palate and chances of velopharyngeal approximation |
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von Langenbeck |
raises two bipedicled flaps of mucoperiosteum, bringing them together and attaching them to close cleft -leaves denuded bone on either side and doesn't lengthen palate |
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Pharyngeal flap |
Muscular flap is cut from posterior pharyngeal wall, raised, and attached to velum -helps close velopharyngeal port and reduce hypernasality |
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Pharyngoplasty |
substance and cartilage implanted or injected into posterior pharyngeal wall to make it bulge -helps close velopharyngeal port |
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Evidence-Based Practice |
Integration of: best research for clinical methods, clinical expertise/sound judgment, and client-centered/client-preferred |
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Screening |
Brief procedure to help determine whether further assessment is needed |
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Case History |
Information about client and disorder -description of comm disorder, prior assessment and tx, family hx, developmental hx, medical hx, educational hx, occupational hx |
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Prognosis |
Professional judgment made about future course of disorder -predictive statement |
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Hearing Screening |
Determines whether client has normal hearing or needs more thorough evaluation by audiologist |
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Oral-peripheral examination |
helps identify or rule out obvious structural abnormalities |
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Interview |
face-to-face exchange with client, family, or both |
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Speech and Language Sample |
Primary means of assessing speech and language production -audiovisual recording, 50-100 utterances, naturalistic context, age-appropriate stimuli |
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Multidisciplinary Team |
Team members from multiple disciplines, each conducts individual evaluation, writes separate report |
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Transdisciplinary Team |
Multiple specialists working together in initial assessment, only one or two members provide services |
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Interdisciplinary Teams |
Members from multiple disciplines interact and use each other's suggestions and information, collaborative writing of eval report and intervention plan |
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Standardized Assessment |
systematic, yield quantitative information that allows performance comparison to that of peers -not the same as norm-referenced test -not good for setting goals of treatment |
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Standard Deviation |
Extent to which scores deviate from mean or average score -34.13% fall within one standard + and - the mean |
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Percentile Ranks |
show percentage of subjects who scored at or below a specific raw score |
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Validity |
The degree to which a measuring instrument or test measures what it purports to measure |
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Concurrent Validity |
Degree to which a new test correlates with an established test of known validity |
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Construct Validity |
Degree to which test scores are consistent with theoretical constructs or concepts |
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Content Validity |
Examination of all test items to determine if the items are relevant to measuring what the test says it measures, and whether the items adequately sample the full range of skill being measured |
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Predictive Validity |
Accuracy with which a test predicts future performance on a related task |
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Reliability |
Consistency or stability with which the same event is repeatedly measured |
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Interobserver Reliability |
Interjudge -how similarly a subject's performance is independently rated or measured by two or more observers -the greater the similarity, the higher the interjudge relability coefficient (the closer to 1.0 the more reliable it is) |
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Intraobserver Reliability |
Intrajudge -consistency with which the same observer measures the same phenomenon on repeated occasions |
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Alternate Form Reliability |
Parallel Form Reliability -consistency of measures when two forms of the same test are administered to the same person |
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Test-Retest Reliabiliy |
consistency of measures when the same test is administered to the same person twice |
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Split-Half Reliability |
-measure of internal consistency |
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Nominal Scale |
-category is present or absent -classification by groups without numerical value |
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Ordinal Scale |
-numerical scale arranged according to rank orders or levels |
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Functional Assessment |
evaluation of client's day-to-day communication skills in naturalistic, socially meaningful contexts |
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Criterion-Referenced Testing |
Examiner selects target behaviors to b assessed and uses stimulus materials effective for and individualized to the client |
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Dynamic Assessment |
-measures client's ability to learn over time |
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Reinforcement |
method of selecting and strengthening behaviors by arranging immediate consequences |
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Continuous Reinforcement |
reinforcing all correct responses in treatment sessions |
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Intermittent Reinforcement |
reinforcement of only some responses with delay between reinforcers |
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Differential reinforcement |
teaching a client to give different responses to different stimuli -of alternative behaviors, of low rates of responding, of incompatible behaviors, and of other behaviors |
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Negative Reinforcement |
strengthening behaviors by termination of an aversive event |
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Reinforcement withdrawal |
removal of reinforcers to decrease a response |
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Eustachian Tube |
-connects middle ear with nasopharynx -helps maintain equal air pressure within and outside middle ear -tensor veli palatini and levator veli palatini open the end of the eustachian tube |
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Carhart's notch |
-frequently found in pts with otosclerosis -reduced bone conduction sensitivity at 2,000 Hz |
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Presbycusis |
Hearing impairment in older people, due to effect of aging and associated with sensorineural hearing loss |
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Meniere's disease |
-fluctuating sensorineural hearing loss due to excessive endolymphatic fluid pressure in membranous labyrinth -hearing loss, spells of vertigo, tinnitus |
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Acoustic Neuroma |
tumor on the acoustic nerve that can cause sensorineural loss by slowing nerve conduction of sound impulses to the brain |
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Hearing Loss levels |
Mild (16-40 db), Moderate (41-55), Moderately Severe (56-65), Severe (66-89) and Profound (90+) |