{Science 9} Reproduction Unit Review

Front 1

What is a cell?

Back 1

A cell is the building block of life.

Front 2

(What are the functions of the following organelles?)

Back 2

---

Front 3

(What are the functions of the following organelles?)
Cytoplasm

Back 3

A jelly-like substance that contains the organelles and other life-supporting materials.

Front 4

(What are the functions of the following organelles?)
Nucleus

Back 4

The control center of the cell, directs all cell activity.

Front 5

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Back 5

Acts as a transport system for materials made in the cell, usually ribosomes.

Front 6

Ribosomes

Back 6

Manufactures proteins.

Front 7

Mitochondria

Back 7

Provide energy by changing glucose into usable energy

Front 8

Chloroplast

Back 8

Traps energy from the Sun and makes glucose

Front 9

Cell wall

Back 9

Provides support and prevents cell from bursting

Front 10

Vacuole

Back 10

membrane-covered storage containers

Front 11

Golgi body

Back 11

sorts and packages proteins for transport

Front 12

Lysosome

Back 12

contains digestive enzymes to break down substances and worn-out organelles

Front 13

Cell membrane

Back 13

separates the inside of a cell from its external environment

Front 14

Nuclear pore

Back 14

only lets certain materials in and out of the nucleus

Front 15

Nuclear membrane

Back 15

protects contents of nucleus

Front 16

(What are the functions of the following organelles? -END-)
Nucleolus

Back 16

makes ribosomes

Front 17

What are the differences between plant and animal cells?

Back 17

Plant cells have vacuoles, cell wall, and chloroplasts, while animal cells don't.

Front 18

What is the control center of the cell called? What does it contain?

Back 18

The nucleus directs all cell activity and contains DNA.

Front 19

In DNA, what are the 4 nitrogen bases?

Back 19

Thymine, Adenine, Cytosine, Guanine.

Front 20

In DNA, what are the complimentary base pairs?

Back 20

A/T, G/C

Front 21

DNA fits into our cells by coiling up and wrapping itself up in protein. When it is in this state, what is it called?

Back 21

Chromatin.

Front 22

When chromatin coils up even further, into an X-shape, it becomes a:

Back 22

Chromosome

Front 23

What are genes?

Back 23

Genes are small segments (made up of hundreds to thousands of bases) of DNA molecules located at specific places along its length.

Front 24

What do genes code for?

Back 24

The instructions for specific proteins.

Front 25

The Production of a Protein:

Back 25

~Nucleus receives chemical signal to make a specific protein.
~The DNA message for the protein is copied into a small molecule called ribonucleic acid or RNA.
~RNA exits the nucleus through nuclear pores, and attaches to a ribosome.
~The ribosomes make the protein, and then the protein enters the endoplasmic reticulum for finishing touches.
~The Golgi body then sorts, packages, and sends the protein, usually on a vesicle, to where it's needed.

Front 26

What is a gene mutation?

Back 26

A gene mutation results when the specific sequence of A/T & G/C bases that make up a particular gene changes.

Front 27

The 3 different types of mutations are

Back 27

substitution, addition, and deletion.

Front 28

What is a positive mutation? (and example)

Back 28

Increase chance of survival.
Ex; scientists have discovered a mutation that makes individuals resistant to HIV

Front 29

What is a negative mutation? (and example)

Back 29

Decreases chance of survival.
Ex; cystic fibrosis and sickle cell anemia

Front 30

What is a neutral mutation? (and example)

Back 30

No effect - neither increases nor decreases chance of survival.
Most common.
Ex; white coat color of spirit bear

Front 31

What is a mutagen? (and example)

Back 31

A substance or factor that can cause mutations in DNA.
Ex; radiation, viruses, pollution, smoking

Front 32

Mutations that can cause cancer are called:

Back 32

carcinogens

Front 33

What is gene therapy?

Back 33

Treating conditions caused by gene mutations.

Front 34

Why do cells divide?

Back 34

For growth and repair.

Front 35

What are the 3 stages in the cell cycle?

Back 35

Interphase, Mitosis, and Cytokinesis.

Front 36

What occurs during the cell cycle stages:
(Interphase)

Back 36

Longest stage in cell cycle.
During this phase, DNA is in the form of chromatin.
Divided into 3 stages.

Front 37

What occurs during the cell cycle stages:
Three stages of Interphase:

Back 37

1) Growth & Preparation - cell grows in size & doubles its organelles while performing its usual functions
2) DNA Replication - DNA duplicates, making an exact copy of itself
3) Continued Growth & Preparation - after DNA replication, cell continues growing and preparing while still performing usual functions. it synthesizes a lot of proteins needed for cell division.

Front 38

What occurs during the cell stages:
(Mitosis)

Back 38

Shortest stage in cell cycle.
Contents of nucleus divide, making two daughter nuclei original to the parent cell.
Spindle fibers move around the chromosomes.
Centrioles control the spindle fibers, not found in plant cells.

Front 39

What occurs during the cell stages:
what are the Four stages of Mitosis:

Back 39

Prophase - further subdivided into early prophase and late prophase
Metaphase -
Anaphase -
Telophase -

Front 40

What occurs during the cell stages:
describe four stages of Mitosis:

Back 40

P - spindle fibers form and attach to centromeres, nuclear membrane and nucleolus disappear
M - chromosomes pulled onto metaphase plate (in the center)
A - spindle fibers contract, chromosomes split
T - nuclear membrane and nucleolus reappear, two nuclei in one cell
T -

Front 41

What occurs during the cell stages
(Cytokinesis)

Back 41

splits into two daughter cells
animal: cell membrane pinches together
plant: cell plate forms

Front 42

Explain the steps in DNA replication (interphase)

Back 42

Enzyme unzips DNA and separates base pairs.
new bases pair with original bases.
two new identical dna molecules are made.

Front 43

Describe checkpoints in the cell cycle.

Back 43

"Self-checks" to see if everything is going normally.

Front 44

Cell won't divide if:

Back 44

Not enough nutrients to support growth.
The DNA has not been replicated.
The DNA is damaged.

Front 45

If a mutation occurs in a checkpoint protein:

Back 45

all cell cycle control will be lost.

Front 46

Damaged cells can divide ______________.
Uncontrolled cell division is called _____________.

Back 46

without control
cancer

Front 47

Describe cancer cells.

Back 47

Cancer cells are abnormal and do not function appropriately in the organ they reside. They grow in multiple layers, forming tumours.

Front 48

Cancer can reach the _________________ and then _________

Back 48

circulatory system and travel through blood vessels, making new tumours

Front 49

How many parents are involved in asexual reproduction?

Back 49

One

Front 50

Offspring of asexual reproduction : a clone.
What is a clone?

Back 50

A clone is an identical genetic copy of an organism's parent

Front 51

What are the 5 types of asexual reproduction?

Back 51

Binary fission
Budding
Fragmentation
Vegetative reproduction
Spore formation

Front 52

Describe: Binary fission
and example

Back 52

a single parent cell replicates its genetic material and divides into two equal parts
amoeba

Front 53

Describe: Budding
and example

Back 53

An outgrowth of an individual that develops into a new individual.
hydra, sponge, yeast

Front 54

Describe: Fragmentation
and example

Back 54

Parts that break off due to injury and develop into new individuals.
sea star

Front 55

Describe vegetative reproduction
and example

Back 55

Plants use special cells that form structures that develop into an identical plant
potatoes
strawberry plants

Front 56

describe spore formation
and example

Back 56

spore are produced by fungi, and develop into new organisms by mitosis
fungi??? lol wtf

Front 57

Asexual Reproduction
ADVANTAGES:

Back 57

-large numbers of offspring quickly
-large colonies can out-compete other organisms and increase chance of species survival
-no energy to find a mate

Front 58

Asexual Reproduction
DISADVANTAGES:

Back 58

-offspring are clones
-negative mutation can destroy large numbers of offspring
-large colonies that are close together may compete for food
-colonies could be wiped out with bad conditions

Front 59

(human assisted cloning)
What is Reproductive Cloning?

Back 59

Making offspring that are genetically identical to the parent. Purpose is usually to make a duplicate of an existing organism with desirable characteristics.

Front 60

(human assisted cloning)
What is Therapeutic Cloning?

Back 60

Cloning to correct health problems. Cells called stem cells are used for therapeutic cloning.

Front 61

What are stem cells?

Back 61

Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that have the potential to become many different types of cells. Stem cells can be used to replace damaged cells because they an be grown into different tissues.

Front 62

How many parents are involved in sexual reproduction?

Back 62

Two

Front 63

What are the offspring of sexual reproduction like?

Back 63

They have genetic diversity and variation.

Front 64

What is genetic diversity?

Back 64

Inherited genetic differences in a species that give many organisms a survival advantage.

Front 65

In humans, how many chromosomes are in a typical body cell:
what is this called:

Back 65

46
haploid number

Front 66

Humans inherit _________ from mom and _________ from dad
what is this called:

Back 66

23
23
diploid number

Front 67

diploid number:

Back 67

2n
all body cells except gametes

Front 68

haploid number:

Back 68

n
only gamete cells

Front 69

gametes for males and females:

Back 69

sperm
and egg

Front 70

Fertilization:

Back 70

the process in which an egg cell is penetrated by a sperm cell, and the genetic info combines

Front 71

What does fertilization make?

Back 71

A zygote - a fertilized egg with two sets of chromosomes. it will, through mitosis, develop into an embryo

Front 72

Meiosis.
....GO

Back 72

produces gametes.
1 round of DNA replication, 2 rounds of cell division

Front 73

(meiosis) first cell division:

Back 73

meiosis 1

Front 74

(meiosis) second cell division:

Back 74

meiosis 2

Front 75

Meiosis is just to produce

Back 75

GAMETES

Front 76

Describe meiosis 1

Back 76

pairs of homologous chromosomes (looks like 4 x's) line up at center and get separated.
produces 2 daughter cells that are diploid.

ALSO WHEN CROSSING OVER AND INDEPENDENT ASSORTMENT OCCURS

Front 77

Describe meiosis 2

Back 77

Sister chromatids are separated (like mitosis)
produces two more cells which aare HAPLOID

Front 78

What are homologous chromosomes?

Back 78

A pair of chromosomes in which 1 was inherited from mom and the other dad.
contain genes for the same traits at the same locations, although they have different variations.

Front 79

What is crossing over?

Back 79

Pairs of non-sister chromatids exchange segments of DNA.

Front 80

What is independent assortment?

Back 80

The homologous chromosomes line up randomly at the equator - mixing them all up.

Front 81

Gamete formation in males:
females:

Back 81

occurs in testes and produces 4 sperm cells
occurs in the ovaries and produce 4 cells, but only one cell gets the most and the other 3 disintegrate

Front 82

What are the types of chromosome mutations?

Back 82

translocation
deletion
duplication
inversion
(isochromosome)

Front 83

What are the 3 stages of sexual reproduction?

Back 83

mating = gametes arrive at the same time
fertilization = union of sperm and egg cells
development = growing and specializing into the organism

Front 84

What are the two types of fertilization?

Back 84

External Fertilization - sperm and egg unite outside the bodies of the parents
common in animals that live in water
ex; sea urchins/ salmon

Front 85

What are the two types of fertilization?

Back 85

Internal Fertilization - unite inside body of parent
common in land-dwelling animals (horses/humans)
-embryo develops and is nourished inside the mother's body

Front 86

External Fertilization.
ADVANTAGES:

Back 86

-chances to have more than one offspring are higher
-genetic variation
-little energy to find a mater

Front 87

Internal Fertilization
ADVANTAGES"

Back 87

-protected while developing
-higher chance of survival

Front 88

External Fertilization
DISADVANTAGES:

Back 88

-eggs being eaten
- die because not raised by parent,
-no guarantee

Front 89

Internal Fertilization
DISADVANTAGES:

Back 89

-not as many offspring
-more energy to find a mate

Front 90

What is pollination?

Back 90

Pollination is the transfer of male gametes (pollen) from the male reproductive part of the plant (anther), to a female reproductive part of the plant (stigma).

Front 91

Why is pollination important?

Back 91

It is how flowers reproduce and grow.

Front 92

Describe embryonic development.

Back 92

A zygote undergoes mitosis.
After one week -> morula
(so one more week ) After two weeks -> blastula
then -> gastrula

Front 93

What happens in the gastrula stage?

Back 93

The cells organize into 3 main layers.
(inside -> out)
Endoderm
Mesoderm
Ectoderm

Front 94

What do the three main layers during gastrula become?

Back 94

Endo -> lungs, liver, and lining of digestive tract
Meso -> muscles, reproductive organs, kidneys, blood vessels and bone (MR. KBB)
Ecto -> skin and nervous system

Front 95

What is infertility?

Back 95

Infertility is the inability of a couple to have a baby.

Front 96

What are the causes for infertility?

Back 96

Too few/inactive sperm
Hormonal issues
Physical issues (tied fallopian tubes)
Disease or medication (radiation killed sperm)

Front 97

Assisted reproductive technologies.
Describe: Artificial insemination

Back 97

Sperm retrieved and place in.
Less chemicals.
No guarantee.

Front 98

Assisted reproductive technologies.
Describe: In vitro fertilization

Back 98

Specifically treats fertility problems.
Uses petri dishes.
"test-tube babies"
Fixes different types of problems.
Costly.
33% success rate

Front 99

Assisted reproductive technologies.
Describe: Gamete intrafallopian transfer

Back 99

Allows natural fertilization in the fallopian tubes.
Can fail.
Need at least one normal, open fallopian tube.

Front 100

Assisted reproductive technologies.
Describe: Intracytoplasmic sperm injection

Back 100

Specialized type of INF.
Inject sperm into egg - external fertilization.
Only healthy embryos transferred.
No birth defects.
Expensive.