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48 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What are alkali metals?
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Group 1 metallic elements; all are strongly reactive, soft, low-density metals
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What are alkaline earth metals?
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Group 2 elements; all are reactive, soft, low-density metals
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What is atomic mass?
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-the mass of an average atom of an element
-usually a decimal number -measured in amu -atomic mass and atomic number generally increase with eachother |
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What is the atomic number?
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the number of protons in each atom of an element
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What is the Bohr model?
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a diagram of the atom that describes the arrangement of subatomic particles: neutrons and protons in the nucleus and electrons in electron shells
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What is a chemical family?
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groups of elements arranged in vertical columns in the periodic table that have similar physical and chemical properties
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What are chemical properties?
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characteristics that describe a substance's ability to react chemically with other substances to form new products
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What is a chemical symbol?
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international symbols for each element consisting of one or two letters; the first letter is always capitalized; the second letter is never capitalized
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What are electron shells?
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regions surrounding the nucleus of an atom in which electrons move
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What are halogens?
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Group 17 non-metallic elements
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What is an ion?
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an electrically charged atom
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What is an ion charge?
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electrical charge that forms on an atom when it gains or loses electrons
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What is kinetic energy?
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energy a moving object has because of its motion; depends on mass and speed of object and the temperature
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What are metalloids?
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elements that share some properties with metals and some properties with non-metals
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What are metals?
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elements that are typically hard, shiny, malleable, ductile, and good conductors of heat and electricity
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What is a multiple ion charge?
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a characteristic of elements that can form ions in more than one way
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What are non-metals?
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elements that are typically non-shiny, malleable, or ductile and that are poor conductors of heat and electricity. Non-metals are usually gases or brittle solids at room temperature
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What is a period?
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horizontal row in the periodic table
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What is the periodic table?
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organized list in which elements are arranged in rows and columns according to their atomic number and their patterns of similar properties
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What are valence electrons?
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electrons in the outershell of an atom, which determine its ability to combine with another atom
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What is the valence shell?
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the outermost electron shell
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Who created the periodic table?
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Dmitri Mendeleev
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What is the unit for measuring atomic mass?
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atomic mass unit (amu)
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What is the pattern for ion forming on the periodic table?
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Elements on the left side of the periodic table generally form positive; elements on the right except the last column usually form negative ions; elements in the same column will often form ions with the same charge as other elements in that column
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What are noble gases?
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Group 18 elements
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What are characteristics of alkali metals?
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they are highly reactive, have low melting points and reactivity increases as you go down the column
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What are characteristics of alkaline earth metals?
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they are less reactive, and will often burn in the air if heated and react with water (but not as vigorously as alkali metals do)
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What are characteristics of halogens?
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they are non-metals and are highly reactive
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What are characteristics of noble gases?
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they are the most stable and unreactive elements and are usually odorless and colourless gases at room temperature
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What are the three patterns in electron arrangements in the periodic table?
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- most elements in the same family have the same number of valence electrons
- elements in the same period have valence electrons in the same shell - the period number indicates the number of shells that have electrons |
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Why are noble gases stable?
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because their valence shells are filled making them stable
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Why do elements gain or lose electrons?
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to achieve stability by losing or gaining valence electrons so that they will have the same arrangement as a noble gas in their row on the periodic table
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How does an atom become an ion?
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by losing or gaining an electron
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What are the rules to forming ions?
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1. an atom of any metal can lose electrons and form positive ions
2. an atom of any non-metal except a noble gas can gain electrons and form negative ions 3. ions have the same electron arrangement as the nearest noble gas |
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How is the charge on an ion show on the symbol of an element?
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by adding a superscript number followed by a plus or minus sign
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What is the periodic table?
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a chart that organizes the elements according to physical and chemical properties
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How do you calculate the number of neutrons in an element?
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-atomic mass minus atomic number
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What are characteristics of atomic numbers?
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increases left to right in increments of 1
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What are ion charge patterns?
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1) elements on the left side of the periodic table tend to form positive ions
2) elements on the right side of the periodic table tend to form negative ions (except for noble gases) 3) elements in the same group often from ions with the same charge |
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Why do patterns in the periodic table occur?
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a result of regular changes in the structure of atoms of the elements.; elements with similar properties line up in groups, since their electron arrangements are similar
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What is the rule of the Bohr Model diagram?
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the 1st shell must be full before the next can be filled etc.
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What did Bohr propose?
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-electrons can only travel in fixed orbits around the nucleus
-when electrons move from an outer shell to an inner shell, they emit radiation with a fixed amount of energy |
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The number of elements in each period(row) is...
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the maximum number of electrons in that electron shell
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Name the maximum number of electrons that can occupy each shell?
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1st-2
2nd-8 3rd-8 4th-18 |
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What are the valence electron rules?
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1) elements in same group have the same number of valence electrons (except noble gases)
2) elements in the same period have valence electrons in the same shell 3) period number indicates number of shells that have electrons |
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Name the group and electrons in the valence shell
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Alkali metals - 1
Alkaline Earth metals - 2 Halogens - 7 Noble gases - 2, 8, 18 (full) |
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What is the stability of metals?
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often lose electrons from their valence shell to a achieve a stable octet
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What is the stability of non-metals?
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often gain enough electrons to achieve the same-arrangement as the noble gas in their row
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