Sa-6_Microorganism Staining And Id

Front 1

Which stain is the most appropriate method for demonstrating acid-fast organisms that are difficult to stain by other methods: Ziehl-Neelsen, Gridley, Kinyoun, Wade

Back 1

Wade's modification of File's new fuchsin formaldehyde procedure can be used for acid-fast bacilli that are difficult to stain with more conventional acid-fast bacilli procedures.

Front 2

In acid-fast staining procedures, the substance used to enhance carbol-fuchsin staining and dissolve fuchsin dye is:

HCL, H2O, phenol, methylene blue

Back 2

Phenol

Front 3

in acid fast staining, drying the section after carbol-fuchsin staining should be avoided because it may: decolorize acid-fast organisms, inihibit counterstaining, prevent decolorization, result in acid fast organisms appearing beaded

Back 3

result in decolorization of acid fast organisms and render them completely unstained.

Front 4

the most commonly used dye for staining Mycobacterium TB is: basic fuchsin and phenol, acid fuchsin and formalin, acid fuchsin and carbolic acid, new fuchsin and HCL

Back 4

Basic fuchsin and phenol, both of which are in Kinyoun and Ziehl-Neelsen and are the commonly used stains for TB

Front 5

when using the Fite procedure for staining Mycobacterium leprae, acid fast organisms are stained: blue to purple, orange to red, red to violet, greeen to yellow

Back 5

Red to violet. The leprosy bacillus is very susceptible to decolorization in acid alcohol.. Mod to Fite technique using formalin will make cells resistant to decolorization, resulting in violet.. other mods to Fite use peanut oil and xylene for coating organisms while depar, results in red bacilli.

Front 6

The property of "acid-fastness' appears to be related to the presence of this substance in the walls of the organisms"

lipid, protein, amyloid, iron..

Back 6

lipid

Front 7

addition of thymol crystals to staining solutions used for demonstrating microorganisms serves to: maintain a neutral pH, facilitate greater reagent penetration, inhibit mold growth, adere tissue sections to microscope slides

Back 7

Thymol is added to inihibit the growth of mold which might contaminate tissue sections.

Front 8

spirochetes are filamentous bacteria that are known to be:

argentophilic, argyrophilic, polychromatic, metachromatic?

Back 8

argyrophilic, meaning that spicrochetes have an affinity for silver nitrate, but require a separate agent (developer) to recude adsorbed silver to a visible metallic end product.

Front 9

THe PAS for fungi works on the underlying principle of the:

argyrophilic nature of fungi,

agentophilic nature of fungi,

oxidation of mucopolysaccharides within fungal walls, affinity of ketone groups for Schiff's reagent.

Back 9

Based on the oxidation of mucoplysaccharides within the funal cell wall from the hydroxyl stage to the aldehyde stage. the aldehydes then combine with or have a affinity for Schiff reagent.

Front 10

the most consistently reliable technique for demonstrating fungi in tissues is the:

PAS, Gridley method for fungi, GMS, Ziehl-Neelsen

Back 10

GMS

Front 11

recommended fixative for tissue containing spirochetes is:

neutral formalin, Bouin's, Zenker's, Helly's..

Back 11

10% NBf. Mercurial fixatives such as Zenker's and Helly's are no recommended for spirochetes

Front 12

given the warthin-starry technique, the spirochetes appear yellow.. the most likely cause of this problem is:

overdeveloping, underdeveloping, use of impure reagents, improper pH..

Back 12

Underdeveloped: most likely the tissues did not stay long enough in the developer.. sections should be left in the developer until spirochetes are black..

Front 13

in the Hotchkiss-McManuse PAS, polysaccharides present in funal walls are oxidized to aldehydes by:

1% periodic acid, 0.5% periodic acid, 5% chromic acid, 4% chromic acid.

Back 13

1% periodic acid is correct for Hotchkiss-McManus method. 0.5% is correct if for McManus PAS..

Front 14

in paraffin sections, Hep B surface antigen may be demonstrated with:

Schleifstein and Paron methods, Gridley and orcein methods, orcein and aldehyde fuchsin methods, Schleifstein and aldehyde fuchsin methods.

Back 14

Hepatitis B surface antigen may be stained in paraffin sections using the orcein method and aldehyde fuchsin method.

Hint 14

Hep B "or C" =orcein..

or see all

Front 15

an organism that is resistant to decolorization after staining with a basic aniline dye followed by an iodine mordant is referred to as: acid fast, argentaffin, gram positive, argyophilic

Back 15

Gram positive organism is one that when stained with a basic aniline dye followed by a iodine mordant, is reisitant to subsequent decolorization. Gram neg organisms will NOT retain primary stain and are subsequently colored with safarin or basich fuchsin counterstains.

Front 16

select the microorganism that will not stain with carbol-fuchsin solution:

mycobacterium leprae, nocardia, treponema pallidum, Koch's bacillus

Back 16

Treponema pallidum requires silver impregnation techniques in histopathologic staining. All others mentioned will stain with carbol-fuchsin.

Hint 16

how come it won't stain with carbol-fuchsin? dude, don't trip..

Front 17

filaments of Nocardia species may be differentiated from those of Actinomyces with the modified: Dieterle method, PAS, Steiner technique, Fire or Ziehl-Neelsen procedures

Back 17

Fite or Ziehl-Neelsen procedures because Nocardia is a filamentous bacillus that is acid-fast..

Front 18

filaments of Nocardia species may be differentiated from those of Actinomyces with the modified: Dieterle method, PAS, Steiner technique, Fire or Ziehl-Neelsen procedures

Back 18

Fite or Ziehl-Neelsen procedures because Nocardia is a filamentous bacillus that is acid-fast..

Front 19

amebas can be demonstrated with H&E stain and the: GMS, PAS, Kinyou acid-fast procedure, Vassar-Culling procedure?

Back 19

Amebas are protozoa that can be demonstrated with the PAS because of the high glycogen content in their cytoplasm..

Hint 19

Poor Ameba Stain

Front 20

What is the purpose of iodine in Gram procedures for staining bacteria: make cell wall permeable, form a dye lake with primary crystal violet stain, decolorize crystal violet, inactivate bacteria

Back 20

to form a dye lake as Iodine is a mordant applied after primary staining with crystal violet. the dye lake with crystal violet prevents decolorization of the gram positive organisms.

Front 21

The Bacterium Legionella pneumophilia can be demonstrated using this method: Schleifstein, Pinkerton, May-Grunwald, modified Steiner?

Back 21

modified steiner. Certain silver impregnation techniques for spirochetes, including the modified steiner and the Dieterle methods are best to demonstrate Legionella penumophillia, the cause of Leionnaire's disease.

Hint 21

legion of honor.. piano.. steinway..

dont eat too much at the legion.. dieterle

Front 22

When using warthin-starry for spirochetes, nuclei, melanin, and other pigments may stain and interfere with spirochete ID.. what mod can you do to the stain to prevent this?

prolonged development and a lower pH, prolonged development and a higher pH, shorter development and a lower pH, shorter development and a higher pH

Back 22

Prolonged development and a lower pH may aid in distinguishing spirochetes from other structures.

Front 23

Rickettsias are obligate, intracellular parasites that possess both dna and rna, and can be stained with:

sliver impregnation methods, Giemsa, Gridley, acid-fast

Back 23

Rickettsias can be stained with the Giemsa stain.. also with Wright's and Pinkerton's staining method

Front 24

Rickettsias are obligate, intracellular parasites that possess both dna and rna, and can be stained with:

sliver impregnation methods, Giemsa, Gridley, acid-fast

Back 24

Rickettsias can be stained with the Giemsa stain.. also with Wright's and Pinkerton's staining method

Front 25

Microscopic eval of a Brown and Brenn gram stain shows the presence of gram positive organisms, but no gram negative.. cause is

too little time in iodine solution, overdifferentiation in Gallego solution, overdifferentiation in picric acid-acetone solution, too little time in crystal violet solution

Back 25

over differentiation in picric acid-acetone solution.

Front 26

in Brown-Hopps stain for bacteria, one of the differentiators is

acid alchohol, 95% ethanol, Gallego solution, 70% ethanol

Back 26

gallego solution.

Front 27

inclusion bodies characteristic of rabies infection can be demonstrated with H&E and with: gridley stain and PAS, Gram and Grocott, Wheatley and Parson's, Parson's and Schleifstein procedures.

Back 27

Parson and Schleifstein procedures can detect Negri bodies related to Rabies.

Front 28

The primary dye used in a rapid, non-silver staining procedure to demonstrate cysts of Pneumocyctis carinii is: cresyl echt violett, basic fuchsin, Schiff's reagent, carbol-fuchsin.

Back 28

Cresyl echt violett is the primary dye used in a rapid staining procedure..

Front 29

Lung sections showing granulomatuous inflammation on H&E stained sections are commonly stained with at least two techniques to deonstrate the presence of: fungi or acid-fast organisms, fibrosis or acid fast organisms, fungi or muscle, fungi or fibrosis

Back 29

fungi or acid-fast organisms: a variety of fungi as well as acid fast organisms induce granulomatous inflammation in ling and other tissues. Tissue sections showing granulomas on H&E are often stained for acid fast organisms and fungi to demonstrate the specific causative agent..

Front 30

diseases such as malaria and Leishmaniasis are caused by which of the following microorganisms: bacteria, protozoa, viruses, fungi

Back 30

protozoa: both malaria and leishmaniasis are caused by organisms that beong to the phylum "protozoa"

Front 31

for light microscopic evaluation of fungi, it is necessary to use specials stains because:

fungi can only be seen using silver impregnation, fungi are removed in the routine staining process, some fungi do not stain with H&E, no fungi stain with H&E

Back 31

Some fungi do not stain with H&E.

Front 32

Rickettsias are related to which of the following classifications of microorganisms: fungi, viruses, bacteria, protozoa

Back 32

bacteria: Rickettsias occur singly in chains or clusters as intracellular parasites detectable on stained sections.

Front 33

PAS of section containing fungi reveals overstaining of the entire section, making ID of fungal elements difficult. likely cause is use of: periodic acid oxidizer, chromic acid oxidizer, incorrect reducing agent, incorrect counterstain

Back 33

Periodic acid oxidizer: using chromic acid rather than periodic acid as the oxidizer for PAS-stained sections with fungi seems to eliminate staining of newly formed aldehyde groups. Chromic acid oxidizes theses newly-formed groups past the aldehyde stage to the carboxylic acid stae where they do not combine with the Schiffs reagent.

Front 34

Granuloma inguinale, a venereal disease, can generally be diagnosed by using this special procedure: Ziehl-Neelsen, Steiner, GMS, Gridley

Back 34

Steiner: Donovan bodies, the microorganism associated with granuloma inguinale, can be demonstrated using the Steiner procedure.

Front 35

Using the Truant's auramine-rhodamine procedure, mycobacteria stain: green, blue, yellow, black

Back 35

Yellow

Hint 35

aura = halo =

Front 36

Acid alcohol decolorizers are generally recommended over aqueous ones for use with "acid fast" procedures because: alchoholic solutions penetrate more rapidly, alcoholic solutions penetrate more slowly, aqueous solutions are less stable, alcoholic solutions allow more uniform decolorization.

Back 36

Alcoholic solutions allow more uniform decolorization..

Front 37

insoluble compounds that resist decolorization with either-acetone are noted on microscopic evaluation of a control section stained with Brown-Hopps Gram stain.. The presence of these compounds is probably due to:

inadequate fixation, inadequate dehydration, omission of mordant during staining, sections being allowed to dry before mounting

Back 37

sections being allowed to dry before mounting: a precaution to obeserve while staining with a modified Gram method is to keep sections wet during the staining sequence. Frequently when sections are allowed to dry, insoluble compounds will form that are resistant to decolorization.

Front 38

When the mucoid capsule of this fungus is intact, Mayer's mucicarmine may be used in it's differential diagnosis: blastomyces, histoplasma, cryptococcus, prototheca

Back 38

Cryptococcus:

Front 39

the most likely cause of inadequate staining using the Wright's preparation is: improper pH of the solution, smears or sections are too thin, that the staining solution is not ripened, that staining was done at room temperature.

Back 39

improper pH of the solution. the pH must be kept between 6.0 and 6.5 for good results.

Front 40

a type of microbiological stain that can also be used to differentiate types of granulocytes is the: gram, acid-fast, Romanowsky, silver impregnation?

Back 40

Romanwosky (aka giemsa or wright's stain)

Front 41

use of heat and prolonged staining with Ziehl-Neelsen carbol fuchsin may be used to demonstrate the acid-fast characteristics of certain : proteins, mucins, spematozoa, lipfuschins

Back 41

lipofuscins (ceroids) can be demonstrated when heat and longer staining using Ziehl-Neelsen.

Front 42

Borrelia burgdorferi organisms are demonstrated well with this procedure: File, Gridley, Steiner, aurmine

Back 42

Steiner: Borrelia burgdorferi is the organism found in Lyme disease infected tissues. it is a filamentous bacterium and is best demonstrated with silver impregnation procedures.

Front 43

Giardia lambia, a protozoan sometimes found in the small intestine, can be demonstrated with H&E staining and the :Giemsa, GMS, Brown and Brenn, Kinyoun's?

Back 43

Giemsa: the double nuclei are well stained with Giemsa.

Hint 43

sounds like giardia.. kind of...

Front 44

a reliable stain for demonstrating ground-glass granules found in liver hepatocyts infected with HBsAg is: Ziehl-Neelsen, Brown and Brenn, aldehyde fuchsin, H&E?

Back 44

aldehyde fuchsin: in contrast to staining with routine H&E, these granules are more distinct when they are stained with aldehyde fuchsin and orcein procedures.

Front 45

When using Wade's mod of File's new fuchsin formadehyde procedure, in order to protect the leprosy organism from acid-fast compenent extraction, the section may be deparaffinized in: xylene and peanut oil, xylene and dioxane, xylene and alcohol, xylene and acetone.

Back 45

xylene and peanut oil..

Front 46

a organism classified with bacteria, possessing both dna and rna, and resembling ricksettsia in size and staining characteristic is: H pylori, T pallidum, Leptospira sp, chlamydia?

Back 46

The genus Chlamydia is classifid with bacteria, reproduces with binary fission, and resembles ricksettsia in size and staining characteristics.

Front 47

A brown and Brenn stain shows gram neg organisms but no gram pos.. most likely cause is: gram pos cut away, section over decolorized after crystal violet, iodine mordant lost it's effectiveness, section was stained too long in basic fucksin

Back 47

the section was over-decolorized after crystal violet.

Front 48

A brown and Brenn stain shows gram neg organisms but no gram pos.. most likely cause is: gram pos cut away, section over decolorized after crystal violet, iodine mordant lost it's effectiveness, section was stained too long in basic fucksin

Back 48

the section was over-decolorized after crystal violet.

Front 49

organisms found on gastric mucosa that are the presumptive cause of gastritis, have a "S" configuration and are stained with silver impregnation are most likely: Borrelia burgdorferi, Treponema pallicum, Leptospria interrogams, Helicobacter pylori

Back 49

Helicobacter pylori are present in stomach mucosa of infected persons. They are slightly spiral or "s" shaped when stained with Steiner or other such silver procedures.

Front 50

in a paraffin section toxoplasmosis is characterized by intact cysts and or pseudocysts containing parasites are are usually demonstrated with this procedure: H&E, rhodamine, Fontana-Masson, Ziehl-Neelsen

Back 50

Intact cysts containing parasites of toxoplasmosis are easily seen by H&E and appear as 1-6 micrometer round to oval bodies with basophilic nuclei.

Front 51

conjunctival scraping rom an infant susected of having Chlamydia conjunctivitis are submitted to the lab for special staining. preferred method for shwoing eementary bodies of chlamydia sp is: Modified Macchiavello, H&E, Papanicolaou procedure, methylene blue

Back 51

of the listed stains, elementary bodies of chlamydia would most easily be visualized by staining with a modified Macchiavello stain.

Front 52

After completing a Warthin-Starry technique, a positive control does not show spirochetes, most likely reason is: poor fixation, contaminated glassware, incorrectly prepared reducing solution, incorrectly selected mordant

Back 52

Spirochetes are argyrophilic in nature and require the use of a separate reducing agent.

Front 53

Microcscopic inspection of a Lendrum's phloxine-tartrazine postive control slide for inclusion bodies are negative.. most liekely cause is: insufficient tartrazine differentiation, overstaining with picric acid, insufficient dehydration, overexposure in acid alcohol.

Back 53

in this procedure, phloxine, the primary stain, stains all components red.. The section must be differentiated adequately with tartrazine so that only the inclusions will have red remaining in them.

Front 54

a fungus disease characterized by pleomorphic yeast cells, narrow-based budding and carminophilia is: leishmaniasis, cryptocoocosis, histoplasmosis, candidiasis

Back 54

cryptococcosis. cryptococcus neoformans organisms vary greatly in size and shape, and the mucinous, encapsulated cryptococci are readily visible when stained with mucicarmine.

Front 55

From this list, a fungus that may have a mixture of budding yeast cells and pseudohyphal elements in infected tissue is: aspergillus, Candida, histoplasma, cryptococcus

Back 55

Candida may be present in tissue as a mixture of these fungal elements.

Front 56

while examining a GMS stained section, it's noted that elastin, crenated cells, andmucin have stained black, confusing interpretation. the cause is most likely : overexposure to hot silver nitrate, underexposure to gold chloride, underexposure to sodium thiosulfate, performing the procedure in a microwave oven

Back 56

overexposure to hot silver nitrate.

Front 57

a ziehl-neelsen procedure is done on a lung granuloma suspected of containing TB organisms, but no AF bacilli are demonstrated. to be sure that none of these organisms are present, it would be wise if we: GMS, Truant's auramine-rhodamine, Gram stain, Gridley procedure?

Back 57

Truant's auramine-rhodamine.. Nonviable acid-fast bacilli can be demonstrated ith the Truant's procedure, but are not generally seen following staining with the Ziehl-Neelsen procedure.

Front 58

One of the most widespread and prevalent of the mycotic diseases in man is: coccidioidomycosis, protothecosis, candidiasis, rhinosporidiosis

Back 58

Candidiasis: most humans acquire this fungus at birth and ordinarily lives in balance with other micoroorganisms.

Front 59

the most commonly used phenolic compound for reducing adsorbed sliver to a visible metallic state in argyrophil procedures, such as the warthin-Starry is: Sodium thiosulfate, uranly nitrate, hydroquinone, sodium bisulfate.

Back 59

Hydroquinone is a phenolic compound that becomes oxidized to a quinone, as silver is reduced to a metallic state

Front 60

a gram stain has been done on a reactive, inflammatory lymph node, and the background structures are staining intense red, making ID of gram neg organisms very difficult. cause of this is: overstating with basic fuchsin, overstating with crystal violet, insufficient differentation with picric acid-acetone, insufficient differentiation with acetone and alcohol

Back 60

insufficient differentiation with picric acid-aceton. The Gram-twort procedure, though time-consuming, is preferred by some because gram-neg organisms are more easily detected when the green counterstain is used.

Front 61

Listeria monocytogenes, the cause of rare form of meningitis , can best be demonstrated in paraffin tissue section with this histopathologic stain procedure: H&E, Ziehl neelsen, GMS, Gram or steiner

Back 61

Gram or steiner: Listeria, a bacterium, can be demonstrated with either stain.

Front 62

These viral inclusion bodies can generally be detected in paraffin section by staining with H&E: Coccidioides immitis, cytomegalovirus, Entamoeba histolytica, Yersinia pestis

Back 62

cytomegalovirus

Front 63

a useful stain to facilitate Id of the ova of Schistosoma sp is: CMS, Pas, Gram, Truant's

Back 63

PAS: Although refractile walls of these ova are stained with eosin, the PAS stains them brilliantly and is a good stain for rapid detection

Front 64

A stain mixture of basic thiazin dyes and eosin, sometimes used for staining gram neg organisms is: sirus supra blue, chromtrope 2R, nuclear fast red, Giemsa

Back 64

Giemsa is a mixture of basic thiazin dyes that stain gram neg bacteria blue. As is always the case with this stain, adequate demonstration of the desired compnent depends on proper differentiation.

Front 65

a variation of the chromic acid-sciff stain that demonstrates cell walls of fungi is sometimes called: bauer's reaction, Levaditi's reaction, Baker's reaction, Schmorl's reaction

Back 65

Gridley produced a variation of the Bauer reaction which is a typical oxidation-schiff reaction used to demonstrate fungi.

Front 66

a preferred staining procedure for demonstrating intracytoplasmic DNA-type viral inclusions in tissue is: phloxine-methylene blue, Feulgen, PTAH, Warthin-Starry

Back 66

Feulgen: Viral inclusions can be demonstrated by virtue of the particular nuceic acid which the viruses contain, either DNA or RNA. The Feulgen technique can be used to demonstrate the inclusions of DNA type viruses. The Unna-Pappenheim technique better demonstrates inclusions of RNA-type viruses.

Front 67

As an adjunct to light microscopy, a specific mycotic infection may be confirmed by using: EM, fluorescent antibody, MacCallum-Goodpasture, Sevier-Munger

Back 67

Fluorescent antibody: Although the pathologist may be relatively certain of the idenity of a fungus in tissue stained with CMS, it is advantageous to confirm suspicions with the FA technique which is specific for that particular fungus.