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102 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What is the desirable EEG sampling rate?
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500 Hz
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What is the minimum EEG sampling rate?
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200 Hz
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What is the desirable EOG sampling rate
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500 Hz
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What is the minimum EOG sampling rate?
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200 Hz
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What is the desirable EMG sampling rate?
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500 Hz
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What is the minimum EMG sampling rate?
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200 Hz
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What is the desirable ECG sampling rate?
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500 Hz
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What is the minimum ECG sampling rate?
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200 Hz
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What is the desirable sampling rate for measuring airflow?
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100 Hz
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What is the minimum sampling rate for measuring airflow?
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20 Hz
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What is the desirable sampling rate for nasal pressure?
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100 Hz
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What is the minimum sampling rate for nasal pressure?
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25 Hz
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What is the desirable sampling rate for esophageal pressure?
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100 Hz
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What is the minimum sampling rate for esophageal pressure?
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25 Hz
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What is the desirable sampling rate for rib cage movements?
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100 Hz
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What is the minimum sampling rate for rib cage movements?
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25 Hz
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What is the desirable sampling rate for abdomen movements?
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100 Hz
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What is the minimum sampling rate for abdomen movements?
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25 Hz
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What is the Low Frequency Filter (LFF) setting for EEG?
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0.3 Hz
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What is the High Frequency Filter (HFF) setting for EEG?
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35 Hz
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What is the LFF setting for EOG?
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0.3 Hz
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What is the HFF setting for EOG?
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35 Hz
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What is the LFF setting for ECG?
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0.3 Hz
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What is the HFF setting for ECG?
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70 Hz
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What is the LFF setting for EMG?
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10 Hz
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What is the HFF setting for EMG?
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100 Hz
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What is the LFF setting for respiration?
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0.1 Hz
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What is the HFF setting for respiration?
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15 Hz
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What is the LFF setting for snoring?
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10 Hz
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What is the HFF setting for snoring?
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100 Hz
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What is the definition of amplitude?
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The amount of voltage measured. Measure from peak to peak of the wave.
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What is amplitude measured in?
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cm or mm
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What is voltage measured in?
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volts, millivolts, microvolts
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How is frequency measured?
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Hertz
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What is hertz?
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Number of waves that could fit into a 1 second time period
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What is frequency?
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inverse of a waveform's duration, thus a waveform of 0.5 sec duration has a frequency of 2 Hz
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Negative Polarity of amplifier inputs means?
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Input 1 is more negative than input 2, the wave deflect up AND input 1 is more positive than Input 2, the wave deflects down
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Positive Polarity of amplifier means?
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Input 1 is more positive than Input 2, the wave deflects up AND Input 1 is more negative than Input 2, the wave deflects down
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What are sampling rates measured in?
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Hz
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What is digital resolution?
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bits per a sample
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What should the digital resolution of the recording system be?
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12
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Sleep Latency
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minutes, Lights out to 1st epoch of any sleep stage
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Wake After Sleep Onset (WASO)
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minutes, time in stage W during total recording minus time in Stage W from lights out to 1st epoch of sleep.
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Sleep Efficiency Index
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percent, TST/TRT x 100
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% Time of sleep in each stage
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percent, Time in each stage/TST x 100
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What should the digital resolution of the recording system be?
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12
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Sleep Latency
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minutes, Lights out to 1st epoch of any sleep stage
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Wake After Sleep Onset (WASO)
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minutes, time in stage W during total recording minus time in Stage W from lights out to 1st epoch of sleep.
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Sleep Efficiency Index
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percent, TST/TRT x 100
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% Time of sleep in each stage
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percent, Time in each stage/TST x 100
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4 main controls of the amplifier
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1) Sensitivity
2) Low Frequency Filter 3) High Frequency Filter 4) 60 Hz Rejection Filter |
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Alpha Rhythm
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EEG pattern, trains of sinusodial waves 8-15Hz activity recorded over the occipital region with eye closure and attenuating with eye opening
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Beta Rhythm
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EEG rhythm consisting of 13-30 Hz activity
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Low Frequency Filter
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decreases the output amplitude over selected ranges of low frequencies and leaves higher frequencies unattenuated
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Macroshock
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Shock that involves large and quite predictable currents passing from one external surface area to another
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3 Potential Sources of Stray Electrical Current
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1) Short Circuit
2) Leakage Current 3) Ground Loop |
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60 Hz Interference
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Impedances greater than 10,000 ohms allows for greater potential of electrode imbalance and the appearance of interference
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Deflection is measure din
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millimeters
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Time Constant
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measure of how a signal is displayed. Determined by voltage of signal and high/low frequency filters used
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Output voltage calculation
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Exploring electrode-reference electrode
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Sensitivity calculation
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voltage/deflection
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P.L.A.C.E.S (Artifact Trouble-shooting)
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Patient
Location Application Connection Equipment Settings |
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High Frequency Filter
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decreases output amplitudes over selected ranges of high frequencies but does not change amplitudes of lower frequencies
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Posterior Waves (PSW)
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Intermittent, bilateral asymmetric 2.4-4.5Hz slow waves super-imposed, riding upon, or fused with dominant posterior waves. Blocked with eye opening and disappeers with drowsiness and sleep. Is uncommon in children <2years old, max between 8-14 years, uncommon after 21 years
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Sensitivity
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control acts to decrease equally the output amplitude of the system at all output frequencies when decreased. When increased, less attenuation and output amplitude increases equally at all input frequencies
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Gain
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Degree of magnification of amplitude signal. Not directly measured
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Respiratory Artifact
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Two Types
1) Fairly rhythmic, slow activity synchronous with the body mvmt related to respiration. Causes mechanically induced impedance changes in an electrode 2) Slow or sharp wave occurring synchronously with inhalation and/or exhalation, involving only some electrodes, usually those on which the pt is lying. 3) Eliminated by repositioning the head |
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Electrode Pop
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simulate a spike or sharp wave, caused by electrically unstable electrode, by a drying electrode, or by slight mechanical instability that changes the area of electrode surface in contact with skin.
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Pacemaker Artifact
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Fast spike which is the electrical stimulus delivered to the heart by an internal cardiac pacemaker
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Muscle Artifact
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Some electrode derivations may be more or less obscured by continuous EMG activity with a voltage higher than the EEG.
Common in frontal and temporal areas Generalized in referential recording Most often while awake |
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Pulse Artifact
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mechanical movement caused by pulsation of an artery can cause a slow wave that sometimes stimulates EEG activity. Can occur in any lead. Relocation of electrode may eliminate artifact
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Cornea-Retinal Potential
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Orbit of eye effectively a battery
Front of eye electropositive Back of eye electronegative |
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ECG Artifact
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Artifact at scalp is small and masked by most waking and sleeping EEG activity
Presence related to the field of the heart potentials over surface of scalp Short, stout persons with short and wide neck present largest EKG artifact voltage and surface polarity will vary from derivation to derivation |
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Positive Occipital Transients of Sleep (POSTS)
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surface positive transients in occipital area that may emerge, prominent in some subjects and may be absent in others. Normal
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Dysrhythmic
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rhythms and/or pattens of EEG activity that characteristically appear in patient groups and are rarely or never seen in healthy subjects
Implication regarding not only specific frequencies but morphology which depends on mixture of frequencies |
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Rhythmic
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EEG activity consisting of waves of approximately constant frequency
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Focal
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From from a local region
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Generalized
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Not limited to a specific area
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Synchrony
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Simultaneous appearance of rhythmic or morphologically distinct patterns over different regions of the head either on the same side (unilateral) or both sides (bilateral)
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Paroxysmal
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Activity that emerges from background with a rapid onset reaching quite high voltage and ending with an abrupt return to lower voltage activity. Associated with change in frequency and morphology
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Laterlized Activity
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coming from one side
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Mu Rhythm
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Morphologically and topographically distinct EEG activity seen in central areas, frequency is about 9 Hz
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Surface Electrodes
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4-10mm in diameter
-gold, silver-silver chloride -bright silver -tin -not pure gold |
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Common Mode Rejection Ratio
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the degree to which an amplifier will reject a common mode signal
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Monomorphic EEG
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Distinct EEG activity appearing to be composed of one dominant frequency
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Low Amplitude, Mixed Frequency Activity
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An EEG pattern consisting of low amplitude, predominately 4-7 Hz activity
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REM Atonia Does Not Effect (Muscles)
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1) extraocular muscles
2) diaphragm 3) Smooth muscles (heart) |
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Tonic REM
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No eye movements
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4 Key Features of REM
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1) muscle atonia
2) PGO waves 3) EEG desynchrony 4) REMs |
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Reading Eye Movements
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EOG events consisting of trains of conjugate eye movements consisting of a slow phase followed by a rapid phase in the opposite direction as the subject reads
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Dynamic Range of System
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Range of input voltages between the least voltage that can be measured and the maximum voltage that can be measured
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Transient Muscle Activity
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Short, irregular, bursts of EMG activity usually with duration of <0.25 seconds, superimposed on low EMG tone. The activity can be seen in chin or anterior tibial EMG durations as well as in EEG or EOG derviations, the latter indicating activity of cranial nerve innervated muscle. Maximal with REMs
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Hypnagogic Hypersynchrony
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An EEG pattern consisting of paroxysmal runs or bursts of diffuse high amplitude sinusodial 75-85 mV, 3-4.5 Hz waves which begin abruptly, are usually widely distributed but often maximal over the central, frontal, or frontocentral scalp regions
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Theta Rhythm
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An EEG rhythm consisting of 4-8 Hz activity
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Dominant Posterior Rhythm
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An EEG pattern with frequency appropriate to age which is observed over the occipital regions during relaxed wakefulness with eyes closed and attenuates with eye opening or attention
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Delta Rhythm
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An EEG rhythm consisting of 1-4 Hz activity
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Rhythmic Theta Activity
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An EEG pattern consisting of runs of 6-7Hz rhythmic theta activity maximal over the frontal or frontocentral regions
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Alpha Wave Frequency
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8-13 Hz
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Slow Wave Sleep Frequency
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0.5-2.0 Hz
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Beta Frequency
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>13 Hz
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Delta Wave Frequency
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0.5-3.9 Hz
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Theta Wave Frequency
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4-7.9 Hz
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