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62 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Percentiles are __________ transformations of raw z scores, t scores, and IQ scores. |
Percentiles are non-linear transformations unlike the other choices. That is, the amount of raw score difference between 55%-60% does not necessarily represent the same amount of raw score difference as between 94%-99%. |
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In the circle of willis, the anterior communicating artery bridges |
the left anterior cerebral artery to the right anterior cerebral artery |
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Posner and Petersons model of attention says that the posterior attention system is responsible for _________; whereas the anterior attention system is associated with ___________. |
orienting and awareness of environment; signal detection |
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most common neurologic manifestation of HIV |
emotional lability and delirium associated with HIV associated dementia |
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factitious disorder ? |
Malingering is intentional and motivated by an external reward. He is demonstrating a negative response bias but not a positive one. While he could be depressed, there is no evidence either way. Factitious disorder is behavior motivated by an intrinsic reward such as assuming the sick role. |
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Standard Error of Measurement |
- inversely related to the reliability of the test - The standard dev must be known to calculate it - confidence intervals based on the SEM assume error distributions are normally distributed and homoscedastic |
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amygdale play a crucial role in : |
the perception of emotional cues and production of emotional responses |
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What differentiates diencephalic amnesia from bilateral temporal lobe amnesia? |
Temporal ordering impairment |
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The striatum receives its blood supply from the |
MCA and Lenticulostriate arteries |
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Statistical significance is |
a direct function of sample size |
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if you placed a common object like a key or pencil in the left hand of a typical commissurotomy patient, out of sight of the person, they |
could recognize the object but not call out its name
-The hemispheres cannot communicate in these patients, making one hand unaware of what the other is doing. And only input to the left hemisphere (i.e. the right hand) would allow verbal naming. |
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cortical blindness |
Patients with cortical blindness may have blindsight in which they still have some perception outside of conscious awareness. They can have anosognosia as in Anton’s syndrome and be unaware of their deficit. Answer C describes achromatposia (the world seems drained of color) and Answer D is incorrect as cortical blindness results from total destruction of the primary visual cortex. |
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what most reliably distinguishes VaD from AD? |
focal neuro findings and the presence of either diffuse or focal cognitive findings |
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lesions causing achromatopsia often also cause |
proposopagnosia (both are caused by lesions on the fusiform gyrus of the occipitotemporal cortex) |
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which thalamic nuclei is part of the visual pathway |
lateral geniculate nucleus |
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Specificity is ___________; while sensitivity is __________. |
true positive rate true negative rate
* True positive: Sick people correctly diagnosed as sick identified as sick identified as healthy identified as healthy |
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difficulty recalling events following and injury is _______; while difficulty recalling previously learned info because learning new info interfered is called_________. |
anterograde amnesia; retrograde interference |
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pairings of transmitters to nuclei |
Basal Nucleus of Meynert and acetylcholine Raphe nuclei and seretonin Ventral tagmental area OR substantia nigra and dopamine
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The _________ pathway is involved with visual perception of where objects are and the ________ pathway is involved with the visual analysis of what objects are. |
Dorsal (where) Ventral (what) |
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Conduit d' approche |
increasingly closer phonological approximates of words |
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Math disorders |
While inattention may be a cause of math disorder as defined in the DSM-IV, sensory neglect typically refers to a right parietal lesion symptom in which material in one visual field, usually the left, is ignored unless attention is drawn to it. |
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difficulty performing math operations |
anarithmetria
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deficit knowledge of concepts in math is |
acalculia with verbal deficits |
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difficulty organizing and manipulating numbers spatially is |
spatial dyscalculia |
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atrophy assoc with normal aging generally reflects a loss of |
myelin |
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what type of memory is recognizing a friend? |
Recognizing a friend is best thought of as a type of semantic memory, which is knowledge acquired during one’s lifetime (Kolb and Wishaw, 2003).
Tulving considered all knowledge which was not autobiographical to be semantic knowledge.
Episodic memory is singular events a person recalls and is the other type of explicit memory besides semantic.
Implicit memory unconscious and nonintentional. |
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X linked adrenoleukodystrophy early cognitive changes- what is most common? |
visual perceptual px
This is a neurodegenerative condition seen in children that typically involves cerebral demyelination. Cognitive dysfunction is generally correlated with the extent of white matter changes on MRI. Hematopoetic stem cell transplant is the most effective treatment. Visual-spatial functioning is an excellent predictor of neurocognitive function after stem cell transplant for cerebral X-ALD. |
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The limbic system is important for ___________; which involves the key structure____________. |
homeostasis; hypothalamus |
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In LBD, Lewy Bodies |
are found in nerve cells throughout the outer layer of the brain (the cerebral cortex) and deep inside the midbrain and brainstem. |
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In LBD, |
parkinsonian Sx often not responsive to L Dopa |
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Wilson's disease |
characterized by: parkinsonian Sx psychosis hepatic dysfunction |
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supplemental motor area partial seizures often include |
fencing posture with extension of contralateral upper extremity, tonic posturing, speech arrest, and unusual sounds |
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dorsolateral frontal cortex |
sequencing, persistence, switching |
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DBS for PD |
effective in Tx rigidity but negatively impacts PS and EF |
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most consistent NP finding seen in childhood absence epilepsy is |
visual memory deficits |
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initial Sx in Landau - Kleffner Syndrome |
auditory agnosia |
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reduced IQ, optic pathway gliomas, decrease in high signal intensity lesions on T2 weighted MRI with increasing age? |
NF 1 |
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HD |
every offspring has 50% chance of inheritance IT 15 gene |
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Noonan syndrome |
It is characterized by mildly unusual facial characteristics, short stature, heart defects, bleeding problems, and skeletal malformations. Also bleeding disorders.
webbed neck ptosis hypertelorism low set ears high arched palate lowered IQ but preserved verbal skills found among girls and boys |
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marfan's syndrome |
is a genetic disorder of human connective tissue. It has various expressions ranging from mild to severe: the most serious complications are defects of the heart valves and aorta, which often lead to early death. The syndrome also may affect the lungs, eyes, dural sac surrounding the spinal cord, the skeleton, and the hard palate. People with Marfan tend to be unusually tall, with long limbs and long, thin fingers and toes.
caused by mutations in the FBN1 gene on chromosome 15 |
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What distinguishes PD from atypical Parkinsonism? |
PD responds to levodopa while atypical parkinsonism does not |
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Sx of hydrocephelus |
h/a nausea vomiting cognitive impairment papilldemia (decreased vision) |
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the most important factor to consider when interpreting discrepancies between test scores in children is |
the base rate of the discrepancy |
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neglect is considered to be a failure to respond/report or orient to novel stimuli |
due to focal and possibly generalized lesions involving right parietal/frontal lesions |
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Depression in PD |
does not have a high remittance rate, tough to treat - it is unrelated to the severity of motor Sx - it has a greater anxiety component - it improves sig when Ldopa reduces disability
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Wilsons disease has an early affinity for degeneration on the ____________, resulting in __________. |
striatum, tremor |
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Kluver-Bucy syndrome |
non aggressive beh, hyperorality, hypersexuality
resulting from bilateral lesions of the anterior temporal lobe (including amygdaloid nucleus). Klüver–Bucy syndrome may present with hyperphagia, hypersexuality, hyperorality, visual agnosia, and docility.
list of symptoms differs somewhat by source. Generally included are the following:
1. Amnesia. Characterised by an inability to recall memories. Its nature is both anterograde and retrograde, meaning new memories cannot be formed and old memories cannot be recalled. The level of amnesia is considered to be profound. 2. Docility. Characterized by exhibiting diminished fear responses or reacting with unusually low aggression. This has also been termed "placidity" or "tameness". 3. Dietary changes and/or Hyperphagia. Characterized by eating inappropriate objects (pica) and/or overeating. 4. Hyperorality. This was described by Ozawa et al. as "an oral tendency, or compulsion to examine objects by mouth". 5. Hypersexuality. Characterized by a heightened sex drive or a tendency to seek sexual stimulation from unusual or inappropriate objects.[2][3][4] 6. Visual agnosia. Characterized by an inability to recognize familiar objects or people. |
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a lesion in the right lateral geniculate nucleus of the thalamus may cause |
left homonymous field defects |
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motor neglect is characterized by |
better movements in the ipsilateral rather than contralateral space
reluctance to move limbs on the left (limb akinesia or intentional neglect)
delay in initiating movement |
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Magnetic Resonance Spect |
can be used to indirectly measure regional brain activity during seizures and help localize their region on onset |
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mood and motivational states can affect immune status and appetite through connections with the |
hypothalamus |
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population based norms for |
making Dx of MR |
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Tourettes |
presence of motor AND vocal tics by age 18 often co occurs with OCD assoc with deficits in attn. and EF pharm tx act on dopamine system |
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pituitary adenoma |
most likely type of tumor to cause bitemporal hemianopia |
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correlations btwn subjective mem complaints and objective mem performance are low and |
generally mediated by the patient's mood and anxiety symptoms |
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Receiver operating characteristic curves (ROC) used to |
determine the diagnostic accuracy of a test or to help determine which of 2 tests is more accurate for diagnosing a certain condition
ROC analysis provides tools to select possibly optimal models and to discard suboptimal ones independently from (and prior to specifying) the cost context or the class distribution. ROC analysis is related in a direct and natural way to cost/benefit analysis of diagnostic decision making. |
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disorders of neuronal cell migration, such as lissencephaly and polymicrogyria are often assoc with |
MR and seizures |
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The APO E4 gene |
increases susceptibility to AD and LBD
is related to earlier onset of AD
does not reduce efficacy of acetylcholinesterase inhibitor meds |
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posterior fossa syndrome following a resection of a cerebellar tumor in childhood |
features are mutism, ataxia, and emotional lability |
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depression in PD |
commonly seen: anhedonia apathy sleep disturbence
less commonly seen: suicide attempts |
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Lateral geniculate nucleus |
is an oval body located at the termination of optic tract on each side of the brain and acts as the primary relay center for visual information received from the retina of the eye. The LGN and the medial geniculate nucleus which deals with auditory information are both thalamic nuclei and so are present in both hemispheres |
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The Flynn effect |
is the substantial and long-sustained increase in both fluid and crystallized intelligence test scores measured in many parts of the world from roughly 1930 to the present day. When intelligence quotient (IQ) tests are initially standardized using a sample of test-takers, by convention the average of the test results is set to 100 and their standard deviation is set to 15 or 16 IQ points. When IQ tests are revised, they are again standardized using a new sample of test-takers, usually born more recently than the first. Again, the average result is set to 100. However, when the new test subjects take the older tests, in almost every case their average scores are significantly above 100. |