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100 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Describe the pathway of oxygen in the body |
Oxygen is moved to the lungs then to the cells |
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Describe the pathway of carbon dioxide in the body |
Carbon dioxide is move away from the cells to outside of the body |
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Inhalation |
Air is taken into body |
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Exhalation |
Air is moved out of body |
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What happens to air as it moves along air passages throughout the respiratory system? |
Filtered |
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Nostrils |
opening to nasal cavities |
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What is the nasal cavity separated by? |
bone or cartillage |
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What filters contaminants inside the nasal cavities? |
Hairs and cilia |
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What do nasal cavities warm incoming air with? |
blood vessels |
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Lacrimal Glands |
tear ducts that empties into nasal cavities |
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Sinus |
Cavities in the skull lined with a mucus membrane connected to nasal cavities |
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How many nasal cavities are there in the nose? |
two |
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Eustachian Tube |
connects middle ear to nasal cavities |
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Pharynx |
Where air from mouth or nose enters & where trachea, larynx and esophagus are found |
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What are the three components of the pharynx? |
Laryngopharynx, oropharynx, nasopharynx |
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Larynx |
on top of the trachea |
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Where is the adam's apple located? |
at front of larynx |
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Glottis |
opening lying above larynx |
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Epiglottis |
covers the trachea while swallowing to prevent choking |
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Vocal Folds |
Mucus membranes & elastic ligaments that vibrate as air passes them to create sound |
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What kind of sound do more narrow chords produce? |
High pitched |
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Trachea |
main air tube |
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What allows that trachea to maintain its shape? |
Cartilaginous c-shaped rings |
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What is in the trachea that keeps the airway clean? |
Lined with cilia that help keep airway clean by sweeping up contaminants caught in mucus to the throat where they are swallowed |
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Tracheostomy |
Opening is made in trachea if blocked |
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What two cartilages is the larynx made of? |
Thyroid cartilage & cricoid cartilage |
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What do you find at the end of the trachea? |
bronchi |
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How are the lungs shaped? |
3 lobes on the right lung and 2 lobes on the left to accomodate the heart |
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What are the lobes of the lung further divided into? |
smaller lobules |
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Bronchus |
Branched structure found in the lungs connected to the trachea and where the alveoli are found |
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Describe the structure of bronchi as you move further down the lungs |
They have cartilaginous rings but eventually divide until they lose their cartilage. Eventually they become so thin that they become bronchi which end in small sacs called alveoli |
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About how many alveoli do you have in the lungs? |
300 million |
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What is the total surface area of your alveoli? |
50-70 meters squared |
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Describe the structure of alveoli |
! cell layer thick (simple squamous epithelium) & covered by capillaries |
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What prevents alveoli from collapsing? |
a thin film of lipoprotein surfactant that lowers surface tension which prevents them from collapsing and clinging due to surface tension of water |
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What causes alveoli to collapse if lipoprotein surfactant is not present? |
surface tension of water |
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Infant Respiratory Distress Syndrome |
Babies do not produce lipoprotein surfactant and have collapse of alveoli |
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What is the treatment of infant respiratory distress syndrome? |
Surfactant replacement therapy |
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What are two types of breathing? |
Inspiration & expiration |
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External Respiration |
O2, Co2 & H2O exchange between air and blood in capillaries surrounding alveoli |
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Internal Respriation |
O2, CO2 and H2O exchange between tissues and blood capillaries |
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Cellular Respiration |
ATP production in mitochondria |
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Tidal Volume |
Volume of air inhaled and exhaled at rest |
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Inspiratory Reserve Volume |
Forced inspiration |
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Expiratory Reserve volume |
Volume of air exhaled beyond tidal volume -forced exhalation |
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Which respiratory volumes are used with physical activity |
Expiratory & inspiratory reserve volume |
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Residual Volume |
Air remaining in lungs even after forced expiration |
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Emphysema |
Residual volume builds and not used fro gas exchange reducing vital capacity |
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Vital Capacity |
Maximum amount of air that can be breathed in and out |
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Functional Residual Capacity |
Volume of air in lungs at end of passive expiration |
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Where do you find the air that is not involved in gas exchange? |
Nasal cavities, pharynx, larynx |
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The lungs are sealed in the ______________ |
Thoracic Cavity |
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Inspiratory Capacity |
Maximum of air able to be breathed in |
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Total Lung Capacity |
Maximum amount of air in lungs after forced inspiration |
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What is the thoracic cavity lined with? |
Rib Cage |
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What is the domed muscle that forms the lower part of the thoracic cavity? |
Diaphragm |
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Pleural Membrane |
Double membrane associated with lungs and thoracic cavity |
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What are the two membranes surrounding the lungs? |
Visceral & Parietal Pleura |
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Parietal Pleura |
Outermost layer of lungs |
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Visceral Pleura |
Attached to lung exterior |
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What is found between the two pleural membranes and what is it called? |
Thin layer of fluid called intrapleural space |
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Intrapleural Pressure |
About 4mm Hg less than atmosphere, reason why it's called negative pressure |
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Pneumothorax |
Air enters intrapleural space and causes lungs to collapse |
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Is inspiration an active or passive process? |
Active, requires energy |
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What senses Co2 & H ion level in blood? |
Respiratory center in medulla, then causes inspiration |
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Do arteries detect the levels of H ions, CO2 and O2 or veins? |
Arteries |
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Which arteries sense the levels of H ions, CO@ and O2? |
Carotid bodies in carotid arteries and aortic bodies in aorta |
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What are two examples of chemoreceptors in the body and what do they send signals to? |
Aortic and carotid bodies send signals via nerves to the respiratory centre in the medulla |
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What causes a higher rate and depth of breathing? |
More CO2 and H ions in blood |
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Phrenic Nerve |
nerve to diaphragm that causes contraction |
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Intercostal Nerves |
send nerve impulses to intercostal muscles to contract |
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Where are intercostal muscles found? |
Rib Cage |
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What happens when the diaphragm and intercostal muscles contract? |
volume of thoracic cavity expands ----> lungs expand ----> negative pressure in lungs ----> air enters lungs |
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What does negative pressure of lungs mean? |
When lungs expand with the same amount of gas within them, the pressure decreases which then causes more gas to rush into the lungs |
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What happens if you inhale deeply? |
Stretch receptors in alveoli -----> inhibitory nerve impulses to respiratory centre ---> stops sending signals to diaphragm and intercostals |
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IS expiration passive or active? |
passive |
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When can expiration be active? |
During exercise |
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Describe what happens within the body during expiration |
Respiratory sends stop signal to diaphragm and rib muscles to relax. then abdominal organs press against diaphragm which decreases volume of chesty cavity which then increases pressure then pushes air out |
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What type of gas exchange occurs between alveoli and pulmonary capillaries? |
Diffusion |
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What type of gas exchange occurs between tissue and pulmonary capillaries?
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Diffusion |
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How many bindings sites does hemoglobin have for oxygen? |
4 |
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What is oxygen bound to hemoglobin called |
oxyhemoglobin |
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What does oxyhemoglobin release into tissues when it becomes unbound? |
O2 and water (from plasma) |
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What enters the venule side of blood? and by what process? |
CO2, metabolic waste and water by diffusion and osmosis |
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What does CO2 + H2O produce? |
H2CO3 - carbonic acid |
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What catalyzes the synthesis of carbonic acid? |
Carbonic Anhydrase |
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What does H2CO3 dissociate to form? |
H ion + HCO3 (bicarbonate) |
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Why does H2CO3 dissociate in blood cells? |
Water in blood cells |
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What occurs to the H ions and HCO3 after H2CO3 dissociates? |
H ions bind to hemoglobin to produced HHB or reduced Hb and HCO3 leaves rbc's to plasma where it acts as a buffer |
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What is an H ion bound to hemoglobin called? |
Reduced Hb |
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What is a CO2 bound to a hemoglobin named as? |
Carbaminohemoglobin HBCO2 |
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What is found at alveolar capillaries? |
Hemoglobin transporting H ions or CO2 |
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Why is the pH and temp lower at tissues? |
To allow the release of CO2 and H ions from HB |
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Describe what occurs during external respiration (CO2 exchange) |
HCO3 + H ion to form carbonic acid by carbonic anhydrase then carbonic acid is converted into H2O and CO2 by carbonic anhydrase then CO2 is released into alveoli from red blood cells, dissolved CO2 in plasma or from HbCO2, some water also leaves alveoli |
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What is a hemoglobin called when it loses its oxygen? |
Deoxyhemoglobin |
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What does diffusion require? |
a concentration gradient |
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What type of pressure do gases exert? |
Partial Pressure |
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Describe the partial pressure of pulmonary capillaries |
The P.P of CO2 is higher and the P.P of oxygen is lower in the pulmonary capillaries so CO2 diffuses out of capillaries into alveoli while Oxygen diffuses from alveoli into capillaries |
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What happens as Partial Pressure of O2 increases? |
Oxyhemoglobin saturation also increases |
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What does a rise in temperature do to the oxyhemoglobin concentration? |
It will lower it |