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67 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Deontology
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Maintains that ethics must be judged in light of a universal moral code.
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Asserts that concrete and inviolate moral codes such as those proclaimed by the deontologist cannot be formulated.
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Ethical Skepticism
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Maintains that judgements regarding the ethics of a particular action depend on the consequences of that action
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Utilitarian
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Sets for ethical standards that psychologists must follow
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APA Ethical Principles of Psychologists Code of Conduct
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Weighing the pro's and cons of a study
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Cost-Benefit Analysis
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5 benefits of behavioral research
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basic knowledge, improvement of research techniques, practial outcomes, benefits for researchers, benefits for participants.
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U.S. Government ordered that all research involving human participants must be reviewed by a
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Institutional Review Board
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6 issues of IRB's
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lack of informed consent, invasion of privacy, coercion to participate, potential physical harm/mental harm, deception and violation of confidentiality.
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Informing research participants of the nature of the study and obtaining their explicit agreement to participate.
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Informed Consent
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Problems w/ getting consent
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Would compromise the validity, part's who are unable to give informed consent, ludicrous cases of informed consent
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Observing people in public places does not constitute:
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Invasion of Privacy.
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Occurs when participants agree to participate because of real or implied pressure
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Coercion to Participate.
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Risk that is no greater in probability and severity than that ordinarily encountered in daily life or during the performince of routine physical or psychological examinations or tests
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Minimal Risk
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What evokes the most controversy in research?
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Deception
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Informing participants about deception after the study
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Debriefing
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The data that participants provide may be used only for purposes of the research
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Confidentiality
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Most scientific organizations have set ethical standards for their members to guard against....
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Scientific Misconduct
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Well-designed experiment has 3 properties
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1) vary at least one variable
2) paricipants must be initially equivalent 3) must control extraneous variables |
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What variable is manipulated
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Independent Variable
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An independent variable must have 2 or more...
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levels
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Researchers sometimes refer to different levels as:
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Conditions
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Involve experimental modifications of the participants physical or social environment.
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Environmental Manipulations
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Vary the independent variable through verbal instructions.
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Instructional Manipulations
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Create physical changes in the participant through surgery or drugs.
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Invasive Manipulations
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Recieve zero level of the independent variable
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Control Group
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Trying out levels of the independent variables before actually starting the experiment.
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Pilot Test
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A question that is designed to determine whether the independent variable was manipulated successfully
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Manipulation Check
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Type of variable that is not manipulated by the experimenter. Reflect existing characteristics of the participants.
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Subject Variables.
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The response being measured in the study
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Dependent Variable
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Involves placing participants in conditions in such a way that every participant has an equal probablitiy of being placed in any experimental condition
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Simple Random Assignment
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The researcher obtains participants scores on a measure known to be relevant to the outcome of the experiment and places them accordingly.
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Matched Random Assignment.
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Symbol for number of conditions in study.
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k
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When different participants are assigned to each of the conditions in an experiment as in simple and matched random assignment the design is called
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Randomized Study Design
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Used when an experimenter is interested in differences in behavior across conditions within a single group of participants
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Within-subjects design.
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Another name for within subjects design, so named because each participant is measured more than once.
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Repeated Measures Design.
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The term for a research design's ability to detect effects of the independent variable.
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Power
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Behavior effected by the order in which they participate
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Order Effects
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Occur when the participants performance improves merely because they complete the dependent variable many times
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Practice Effect
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Occur if participants become tired or less enthused as the experiment progresses
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Fatigue Effect
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After receiving several levels of the ind. variable participants may begin to realize what the hypothesis is.
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Sensitization
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Occur when the effect of a particular treatment condition persists even after the condition ends.
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Carry-over effect.
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Involves presenting the levels of the independent variable in different orders to different participants. Guards against carryover.
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Counter-balancing.
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Eliminating or holding constant extraneous factors that might affect the outcome of the study
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Experimental Control
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The portion of variance of participants scores due to independent variable.
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Treatment variance.
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When a variable other than the independent variable differs between the groups, this is produced.
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Confound Variance.
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The result of unsystematic differences among participants
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Error Variance
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The degree to which a researcher draws accurate conclusions about the effects of the independent variable.
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Internal Validity
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Introduces the possibility that the effects are due to nonequivalent groups rather than to the independent variable.
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Biased selection.
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Loss of participants during a study
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Attrition
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When the rate of attrition differs across experimental conditions
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Differential Attrition
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When taking a pretest, this might sensitize participants to the ind. variable so they react differently.
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Pretest sensitization
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Obtained effects are not due to the ind. variable itself but to an interaction of the ind. variable and ________
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History Effects.
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Age related changes.
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Maturation
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Experimenters expectations can distort the results by affecting how they interperet behavior
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Experimenter Expectancy Effect.
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Aspects of the study that indicate to participants how they should behave.
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Demand Characteristics.
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When experimenter and participants don't know what their experimental condition is.
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Double blind procedure.
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A physiological or psych. effect that occurs at the mere suggestion that the change will occur.
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Placebo effect.
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The degree to which the results obtained in one study can be replicated or generalized to other samples, research settings, and procedures
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External Validity.
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The conflict between external and internal validity
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Experimenter's Dillema
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The second page of the manuscript. A brief summary of the content of the paper.
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Abstract.
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Most journals that publish behavioral research conform to this kind of style.
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APA Style.
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This style used in APA lists other's work by inserting the last name of the author and they year of publication.
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Author-Date System
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In the 1970's the APA adopted this to eliminate sexism and ambiguity
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Gender-neutral language.
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One method of giving a talk to an audience. Papers on related talks are given in a _________.
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Paper Session
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When a paper is evaluated by other scientists who have expertise in the topic under investigation.
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Peer Review.
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Researchers display summaries of their research on poster boards, providing essential details of its background, methodology, results and implications
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Poster Session
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When researchers write about their research before rather than after it was conducted.
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Research Proposal.
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