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88 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Elaboration analysis allows what to be added to a crosstabs?
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A third variable
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What statistic indicates whether a relationship found in a random sample's crosstabs is a good estimate for the same relationship in the population?
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Chi Square
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Which of the following is FALSE about normal curves?
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There cannot be any cases above or below standard deviations from the mean
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Estimating the probability that an association between two variables is not due to chance in a crosstabular analysis is based on an inferential statistic called:
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Chi square
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All of the following are ways of defining the median of a distribution EXCEPT:
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The arithmetic average
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In words, the standard deviation is the:
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Square root of the average squared deviation of each case from the mean
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Three features of a distribution's shape are:
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Central tendency, variability, and skewness
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The primary source of data in focus groups and intensive interviews is:
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Transcriptions
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At least some subjects are aware of the field researcher's identity, except in:
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Covert Participation
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A field researcher must be vigilant of reactive effects, in which:
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Changes in individual or group behavior that are due to being observed
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Participant observation refers to:
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A continuum of roles from complete observer to complete participant
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Field research is a common name for which of the following forms of research:
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Participant observation
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The primary means of recording participant observation data is by creating:
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Field notes
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Anthropologists call the intention of representing a setting under study in the terms of the researcher:
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Etic Focus
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Research questions in qualitative analysis tend to be:
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Open-ended and exploratory
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To reflexively analyze text, what must a researcher focus on?
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How his or her orientation shapes research
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After identifying concepts in qualitative data, the next step in qualitative analysis is what?
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Code the results
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Which of the following affects the authenticity of qualitative research?
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Whether statements were spontaneous or in response to researcher questions
The credibility of informants |
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The type of qualitative research that studies how people construct their own realities is known as:
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Ethnomethodology
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Research that uses photographs, films, or other images as text is known as:
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Visual sociology
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may influence both independent and dependent variables
creates a spurious association |
Extraneous Variable
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adding control or
intervening variables in a bivariate relationship |
Elaboration Analysis
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qual method of data gathering.
developing sustained relationship with people while they go about normal activity |
Participant Observation
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researchers see things as they happen without participating
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Complete Observation
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changes in individual or group behavior due to being observed or studied
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Reactive Effects
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3 types of Degree of Researcher Involvement
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Complete Observation, Mixed Participation/Observation, Complete Participation
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Hypothesis-testing approach
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Deductive Method
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Exploratory approach
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Inductive Method
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Qualitative Research 5 Ethical Issues
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Voluntary Participation
Subject Well-being Identity Disclosure Confidentiality Online research |
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Representing a setting with the PARTICIPANTS' TERMS
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Emic Focus
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Representing a setting with the RESEARCHER's TERMS
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Etic Focus
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Process by which a Qualitative analyst interacts w/data and refines their focus
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Progressive Focusing
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Research that describes or ID's the impact of social policies and programs
PURPOSE=to investigate social programs |
Evaluation Research
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Resources, raw materials, clients and staff that go into a program
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Inputs
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The complete treatment or service delivered by a program
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Program Process
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The service delivered or new product produced by the program process (ie. Clients served etc.)
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Outputs
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Impact of the program on the cases that have been processed
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Outcomes
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Info. about service delivery system outputs, outcomes, or operations.
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Feedback
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THEORY
Focus of this research is whether cases have changed as a result of exposure to program |
Black Box or Program Theory
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EVALUATION
guided by a theory that specifies process by which program has effect |
Theory-driven Evaluation
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PROGRAM THEORY
specifies impacts generated and how this occurs causal mechanism empirically based |
Descriptive Theory
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PROGRAM THEORY
specifies what program ought to do, not actually tested how to design or implement treatment. what should be expected. |
Prescriptive Theory
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EVALUATION RESEARCH TYPE
expects researchers to be responsive to the people in program |
Stakeholder Approach
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STAKEHOLDER APPROACH TYPE
a task force of program stakeholders who help shape the evaluation project to use its results |
Utilization-focused Evaluation
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EVAL.RES.TYPE
program participants engaged with researchers help design, conduct and report research. |
Action Research or Participatory Research
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RES.APPROACH TYPE
eliminates pro researcher in favor of structured dialogue about needed change |
Appreciative inquiry
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This approach emphasizes research to develop most trustworthy, unbiased program evaluation
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Social Science Approaches
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covers issues of concern to stakeholders and evaluators.
seeks to balance to stakeholders with objectivity and scientific validity. |
Integrative Approaches
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'Force you to face reality"
causal deductive measure objective facts statistics researcher detached |
Quantitative Approach
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patterns, themes, holistic features
words, images, categories construct social reality authenticity is key researcher is involved Inductive |
Qualitative Approach
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determines needs of population.
uses systemic, credible evidence to evaluate needs. |
Needs Assessment
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determines whether it is feasible to evaluate a program's effects within available time and resources
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Evaluability Assessment
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EVAL. RES.
investigates process of delivery. identifies which part of service has greater impact. shows incorrect findings. |
Process Evaluation
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used to shape and refine program operations.
evaluates program coverage and service delivery. |
Formative Evaluation
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compares what happened after a program was active, with what would've happened had there been no program at all.
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Impact Analysis, Impact Eval. or Summative Eval.
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Numerical description of a population
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Statistic
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statistic used to DESCRIBE the distribution of and relationship among variables
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Descriptive Statistics
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Estimates the degree of confidence that can be placed in generalizations from a sample
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Inferential Statistics
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analysis of secondhand data
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Secondary Data analysis
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checking data for errors after data have been entered in a computer file
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Data Cleaning
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is summarized using:
mode, median or mean. |
Measures of Central Tendancy
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5 steps of Qualitative Analysis
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Documentation
Conceptualization Examining Evaluate Reflexivity |
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simple observation interpreted directly.
"pulled apart" then put back together more meaningfully. |
Conceptualization
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Conclusion Validity 3 Criteria
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How credible informant was
Were statements responses or spontaneous? How researcher presence affect behavior or thoughts of participant? |
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"naturalistic"
seeks to describe and understand the natural social world as it actually is study of human cultures. |
Ethnography
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Studies....
the way participants in social setting create and sustain sense of reality |
Ethnomethodology
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Focuses on...
"the story itself" seeks to preserve integrity of personal biographies and events. read stories. |
Narrative Analysis
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Narrative Analysis 4 diff. story types
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Action Tales
Expressive " Moral " Rational " |
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Probability average
most frequent value in a distribution |
Mode
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One problem with mode...
TWO nonadjacent categories, have same number of cases and more that other categories |
Bimodal
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A distribution of a variable where only ONE VALUE is MORE FREQUENT
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Unimodal
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position average.
the point that divides the distribution in half. cumulative of 50%. |
Median
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arithmetic average.
weighted average. add value of cases and divide by total # of cases. |
Mean
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A statistic that measures the variability of a distribution as the AVERAGE SQUARED DEVIATION of each case from the MEAN
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Variance
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Square Root of the variance
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Standard Deviation
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Symmetric distribution shaped like a bell and centered around the population mean.
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Normal Distribution
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bivariate distribution.
first step in Quant. analysis. shows distribution of one variable for each category of another |
Cross-Tab
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descriptive statistic used to summarize the strength of an association
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Measure of Association
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A measure of association that is sometimes used in cross-tab analysis
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Gamma
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EX: in a positively skewed distribution, the value of the MEAN is larger than the median - more extreme skew.
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Differential Impact of Skewness
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Captures how widely and densely spread a variable is
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Measure of Variation
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the highest value minus the lowest value, plus 1 in a distribution.
used to ID whole range of possible values. |
Range
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an exceptionally high or low value in a distribution
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Outlier
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the range where most cases lie.
between end of 1st and beginning of 3rd quartile |
Interquartile Range
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The points of distribution that correspond to the first:
25% 50% 75% of the cases |
Quartiles
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An inferential statistic used to test hypotheses about relationships between 2 or more variables in crosstab
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Chi-Square
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when we conclude the relationship is actually there.
not a chance occurrence. |
Statistical Significance.
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SYSTEMATIC THEORY...
inductive observations summarized into conceptual categories. re-evaluated in research setting. gradually refined and linked to other conceptual categories. |
Grounded Theory
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