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102 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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between subjects experiment
ch6 |
An experiment in which each participant is tested in only one condition.
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block randomization
ch 6 |
a random procedure used to assign participants to groups that ensures the groups are of equal or close to equal sizes.
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control
ch6 |
keeping extraneous variables at a constant
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expirement
ch6 |
type of empirical study in which an independent variable is manipulated and a dependent variable is measured while extraneous variables are controlled
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internal validity
ch6 |
the study supports the conclusion that the differences in independent variables caused or had an effect on the dependent variable.
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practice effect
ch6 |
A carryover effect in which participants perform better on a task in later conditions because they have had a chance to practice
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manipulation check
ch6 |
a separate measure used by researchers to verify whether they have systemically changed the independent variable
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what is a possible problem that the researcher can face when they have a within subjects design with lots of different conditions?
ch6 |
fatigue effect
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what type of study controls for the effects of participants' and experimenters' expectations?
ch6 |
internal
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What is the difference between nonexperimental research and quasi-experimental research?
• _____________________ research lacks the manipulation of an independent variable. ch7 |
Non experimental
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researcher is looking to see whether gum chewing increases concentration. The p’s task is to read a chapter in a busy coffee shop. There are 2 conditions; 1 group gets chewing gum and control group does not. no random assignment. What type of research is this? ch7
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Quasi-experimental research
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Rate the following from 1 (highest) to 3 (lowest) in how much internal validity the research has.
• Quasi-experimental research (2) • Experimental research (1) • Correlation research (3) ch7 |
Quasi-experimental research (2)
Experimental research (1) Correlation research (3) |
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What is the difference between internal and external validity?
Internal validity - External validity - ch7 |
Internal validity- design of a study supports the conclusion that changes in the IV caused any observed differences in the DV.
External validity- results of a study can be generalized to ppl and situations beyond those actually studied. |
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True/False The defining feature of correlation research is that is must involve two quantitative variables.
ch7 |
False, It does not have to have only two quantitative variables, and the defining feature is that the two variables are measured and neither one is manipulated.
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What is a between-subjects research design in which participants are not randomly assigned to conditions, usually because participants are in preexisting groups?
ch7 |
Nonequivalent group design
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A researcher is looking to see if there is a relationship between the type of sport a person plays and aggression. What would make this study an experimental research or a correlation research?
Experimental research if- Correlational research if- ch7 |
1. Experimental research if there was random assignment and if they assign the participants to play a certain sport then later tested for aggression.
Correlational research if (no random assignment) they test participants that played a sport to record which sport they already play then test for aggression. |
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If a researcher was more interested in studying a participant experience such as adults dealing with a parent diagnosed with Alzheimer’s, then he/she would be most interested in what type of research?
a) Quasi-experimental research b) Qualitative research c) Single-variable research d) Correlation research ch7 |
Qualitative research (b)
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. Which of the following is not an example of naturalistic observation?
a) Observing how kids play at a playground when parents are on cells phones or are not on cell phones. b) Observing the attitudes of shoppers at the cash register at a retail store in the morning, afternoon, and night. c) Observing class participation when the teacher is a man and when the teacher is a woman. d) Observing children behavior and attention when they are placed into a classroom with dull colors and no art of the walls or a classroom with bright colors with lots of pictures and children’s artwork. ch7 |
d) Observing children behavior and attention when they are placed into a classroom with dull colors and no art of the walls or a classroom with bright colors with lots of pictures and children’s artwork.
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The pretest-posttest design is a research design in which the dependent variable is measured, a treatment is given, and the dependent variable is measured again, to see if there is a change in the dependent variable from pretest to posttest. What is the main difference between a pretest-posttest design and a similar design the interrupted test-series?
ch7 |
The interrupted time-series include multiple pretest and posttest measurements of the dependent variable.
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"Reactivity" refers to participants' reactions to being measured.
true or false |
true
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A Cronbach's alpha of .90 would indicate good internal consistency.
true or false |
true
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A test-retest correlation of +.50 is generally considered good.
true or false |
false
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Measurement is best defined as...
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the assignment of scores to individuals so the scores represent some characteristic of the individuals
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What level is the variable, sex (male vs. female), measured at?
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nominal
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Construct
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A variable that cannot be observed directly because it represents a tendency to behave in certain ways or a complex pattern of behavior and internal processes.
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"Big Five"
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-Openness to experience
-conscientiousness -extroversion -agreeable -neuroticism |
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conceptual definition
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psychological construct describes the behaviors and internal processes that make up that construct
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operational definition
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definition of a variable in terms of precisely how it is to be measured
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converging operations
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when psychologists use multiple operational definitions of the same construct
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Levels of Measurement
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-nominal
-ordinal -interval -ratio |
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validity
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scores from a measure represent the variable they are intended to
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face validity
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extent a measurement method appears to measure the construct of interest
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content validity
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measure "covers" the construct of interest
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criterion validity
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people's scores are correlated with other variables that you expect them to be correlated with
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discriminant validity
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scores are not correlated with measure of variables that are conceptually distinct
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What is the purpose of a manipulation check?
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To be sure that the effect of the manipulation lasted throughout the entire procedure; at the end of the procedures
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_______ variables allow the researcher to answer more research questions, and to answer questions about whether the effect of one IV depends on the level of another
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Multiple independent
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What is a factor?
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An independent variable in a factorial design
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What does statistical control account for?
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Third variables by measuring them and including them in the analysis
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What is the context effect?
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An unintended effect of the context in which an item is presented on people’s responses
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Define non-probability sampling
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An approach to sampling in which the researcher cannot specify the probability that each member of the population will be selected
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Give an example of non-probability sampling
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Convenience sampling
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List the four main ways to conduct surveys
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-In-person interviews
-by telephone -through the mail -over the internet |
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The early ethics code for research with human participants that was written in conjunction with the trials of accused Nazi war criminals after WWII is known as what?
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Nuremberg Code
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Research that exposes participants to risks that are no greater than those encountered by healthy people in daily life or during routine physical or psychological examinations is what type of research?
A. Exempt Research B. Minimal Risk Research C. At Risk Research D. Correlational Research |
B. Minimal Risk Research
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True or False: Consent forms should be kept away from the data?
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TRUE
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How many specific ethical standards are in the APA Ethics Code?
A. 57 B. 169 C. 150 D. 223 |
c. 150
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What are the 4 General Moral Principles
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1. Weighing Risks Against Benefits
2. Acting Responsibly and with Integrity 3. Seeking Justice 4. Respecting People's Rights and Dignity |
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The ethics code for biomedical research with human participants written by the World Medical Council in 1964 is known as what?
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Declaration of Helsinki
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The set of principles and practices that provide moral guidance in a particular field is known as what?
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Ethics
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True or False: Exempt Research is research that exposes participants to risks that are no greater than those encountered by healthy people in daily life or during routine physical or psychological examinations?
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False
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A mood survey administered at the end of a procedure to check if mood was altered successfully is an example of a ___?
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Maipulation Check
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When the effect of one independent variable depends on the level of another is called a ___?
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Interaction
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Differences in a dependent variable across levels of an independent variable is a ___?
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Main Effect
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A study that tests the type of psychotherapy (cognitive vs. behavior) and length of therapy (2 weeks vs. 2 months) on sex is what type of study?
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Factorial Design
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A type of research where the variables of interest are designed using self-reports is ___?
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Survey Research
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A type of context effect when the order in which the items are presented affects people's responses is called a(n) ___?
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Item-order Effect
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A college is divided by major and then the psychology students are randomly sampled for a survey is an example of what type of random sampling?
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Stratified
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Survey researchers are most likely to use which type of sampling because the goal of most survey research is to make accurate estimates about what is true in a particular population?
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Probability Sampling
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What are the five headings and sections (that are written) in APA format of empirical research reports?
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Abstract, Method, Results, Discussion, References
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True or False
___ There are very few direct quotations of other researchers in APA empirical research reports |
True
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True or False
___ The first line of a reference is indented. |
False
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The abbreviation that means "and others" used in a citation is ___?
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Et al.
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What kind of variable can be used to infer cause?
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Manipulated
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In a factorial design, each level of one independent variable is called a ¬¬____
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Factor
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How many conditions does a 3 x 2 factorial design have?
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Six
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The ____-subjects design avoids carryover effects and minimizes the time and effort of each participant.
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Between
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When a questionnaire item asks about two conceptually separate issues but allows only one response, this item is considered to be _______.
A. unambiguous B. double barreled C. objective |
b. double barreled
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. ______ sampling is done in such a way that each individual in the population has an equal probability of being selected for the sample.
A. Probability B. Nonprobability C. Random |
a. probability
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______ random sampling is done in such a way that each individual in the population has an equal probability of being selected for the sample
A. Stratified B. Simple C. Cluster |
b. simple
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____ occurs when a sample is selected in such a way that it is not representative of the entire population and therefore produces inaccurate results.
A. Sampling Bias B. Nonresponse Bias C. Survey Bias |
a. sampling bias
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According to APA format, which sentence is cited properly?
A. Burger (2008) conducted a replication of Milgram’s (1963) original obedience study.” B. (Burger 2008) conducted a replication of (Milgram’s 1963) original obedience study.” C. Burger conducted a replication of Milgram’s original obedience study (2008 & 1963) .” |
A. Burger (2008) conducted a replication of Milgram’s (1963) original obedience study.”
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The results section of an empirical research report should include which of the following:
A. the variables and conditions you are evaluating B. descriptive statistics C. inferential statistics D. all of the above |
D. all of the above
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What type of manuscript is prepared by an author in their final form with no intention of submitting them for publication elsewhere?
A. Copy manuscript B. Theoretical article C. Final manuscript |
C. Final manuscript
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What is the purpose of an oral presentation or poster presentation?
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To present new research to interested researchers and facilitate interaction among them
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A researcher conducts an experiment to see if a student's class attendance has any effect on their GPA. He monitors the attendance of a random sample of students and finds that poor class attendance results in a lower GPA. Which of these events is a phenomena?
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Poor attendance results in lower GPA.
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What are the 3 purposes of a scientific theory?
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1. organize phenomena to help people think clearly and efficiently
2. allows researchers to make future predictions 3. generate new research by raising new questions |
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True of False: replication refers to conducting the same research again without making any modifications.
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false
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A ________ is an explanation of phenomena using mathematical equations, computer programs, or biological structures.
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model
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A hypothesis refers to a prediction of a new _______ based on a _______.
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Phenomena, theory
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The statement "a theory should include only as many concepts as are necessary to explain or interpret the phenomena" is an example of:
a. formality b. parsimony c. scope d. typology |
b. parsimony
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What are the 3 types of theories and what do they mean?
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functional: explains phenomena in terms of function or purpose
mechanistic: explains phenomena in terms of underlying variables, structures, and processes stage: theory that specifies stages that people pass through as they adapt to their environment |
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Theoretical ideas that a theory is constructed from is a __________
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Theoretical approach
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What is the difference between a hypothesis of association and a hypothesis of difference?
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difference: how two or more groups or conditions will differ from each other
association: how two continuous variables are related to each other |
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What are 3 ways to incorporate theory into research
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1. distinguish the phenomena from any theories of phenomena
2. use research literature to identify existing theories 3. derive a hypothesis from one of the theories |
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What is the hypothetical-deductive method?
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how researchers use theories to generate new research, but also test and revise theories themselves
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What is an advantage of a narrow theory as opposed to a broad theory?
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Narrow theories make more precise predictions
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Which of the following allows researchers to answer multiple research questions with minimal additional effort?
A. ANOVAs B. Multiple Dependent Variables C. Multiple Independent Variables D. Manipulation Checks |
b. multiple dependent variables
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A 2X3X4 factoral design has _____ independent Variables and ____ Conditions?
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3 Independent Variables and 24 Conditions
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A ____ has one between subjects manipulated independent variable and at least one within subjects manipulated independent variable.
A. Factor Analysis B. Main Effect C. Manipulation Check D. Mixed Factorial Design |
d. mixed factorial design
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A main effect is a statistical relationship between ___ and ___.
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Independent Variables and Dependent Variables
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A ____ has independent variables that have different effects at different levesls of the other independent variables
A. Manipulation Check B.Main Effect C.Correlation Matrix D.Crossover Interaction |
d. cross over interaction
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_____ is qualitative, uses self-report measures and is used in many academic disciplines.
A. An Experiment B. Survey Research C.An Independent Variable D.A Dependent Variable |
B. Survey Research
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What is the correct order of the cognitive processes gone through when answering questions?
Processes Include: Question Interpretation, Judgement Formation, Response Editing, Response Formatting and Infromation Retrieval |
Question Interpretation, Information Retrieval, Judgement Formation, Response Formatting and Response Editing
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____ -Ended items in surveys use rating scales
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Closed-Ended Items
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BRUSO, a model for writing good questionnaire items stands for…
A. Bright, Reasonable, Unrelevant, Sincere, Obedient B. Basic, Rare, Ultimate, Smart, Observant C. Brief, Relevant, Unambiguous, Specific, Objective D. Brilliant, Reliable, Understanding, Sophisticated, Objectionable |
C. Brief, Relevant, Unambiguous, Specific, Objective
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___ divides the population into different subgroups and then samples are selected from the groups.
A. Stratified Random Sampling B. Cluster Sampling C. Simple Random Sampling D. Simple Group Sampling |
A. Stratified Random Sampling
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What is the correct order of an empirical research report?
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Title Page, Abstract, Introduction, Method, Results, Discussion, References
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What is included in a complex method? A. Participants, materials, design, procedure B. Participants, measures, hypothesis, description C. Participants, materials, measures, procedure D. Participants, hypothesis, procedure, design
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A. Participants, materials, design, procedure
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functional theory
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explains phenomena in terms of function or purpose
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mechanistic theory
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explains phenomena in terms of underlying variables, structures, and processes
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stage theory
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theory that specifies stages that people pass through as they adapt to their environment
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