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385 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Reduce, decrease. in reference to decrease in assessed value of ad valorem tax
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abate
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a summary in chronological order of the essential provision of every recorded document pertaining to a particular parcel of lend(liens, encumbrances, chain of tittle, transfers)
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abstract of title
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what does an abstract of title not include and not guarantee?
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Encroachments, forgeries and does not guarantee clear title
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a term that includes any method of depreciation that is GREATER than straight-line depreciation
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accelerated depreciation
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a provision of a promissory note or mortgage where, upon the happening of a certain event the ENTIRE amount of the unpaid loan balance becomes due
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acceleration clause
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addition of soil(alluvium) to property by the gradual operation of natural causes(river,ocean frontage), the added land becomes the property of the owner on whose land it is deposited
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Accretion
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a written declaration by a person executing an instrument, given before an officer authorized to give an oath(notary public), stating that the execution of of his own volition(grantor of a deed)
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Acknowledgement
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an acre measures______________ square fee
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43,560 sq feet
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things you know because of your own sense: eyes, ears, etc
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actual notice
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type of financing available for real estate mortgages on property through which the APR charged will differ from year to year according to terms specified by the lender and authorized by the Federal Reserve banking system
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Adjustable Rate Mortgage(arm)
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a latin phrase meaning "according to vauation"-a tax to be paid based upon a value set by the authorities
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ad valorem tax
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the open, notorious, hostile, and uniterrupted possession of the propterty of another under a claim or color of title of 21 years after which time the adverse possessor may obtain title to the property
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adverse possession
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a sworn statement that title is good
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affidavit of title
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the name of the relationship between one person(principal) and another(agent) where the agent is given the right to act on behalf of the prinicpal in business dealings-creates a fiduciary duton the part of the agent to act in GOOD faith and loyalty toward the principal
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agency
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the disclosure of the relationship in which one party(agent) acts for or represents another(principal) under the authority of the latter
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agency disclosure
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Latin,”let the buyer beware " The buyer must examine the goods or property and buy at his or her own risk
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CAVEATOR EMPTOR
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A legal instrument used by a mortgagee to stop the mortgage on a certain date where the mortgagor agrees that the mortgage balance is correct, after which date the mortgagee has no defense
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CERTIFICATE OF NO DEFENSE
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A certificate issued to a buyer at a judicial sale (foreclosure action) that entitles the buyer to a deed upon confirmation of the sale by the court if the land is not redeemed during the redemption period
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CERTIFICATE OF SALE
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Also known in some states as an “opinion letter” by a lawyer who has examined an abstract, giving an opinion stating that title is vested in a particular individual.
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CERTIFICATE OF TITLE
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Successive conveyances affecting a particular parcel of land, arranged consecutively, from the government or original source of title down to the present holder.
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CHAIN OF TITLE
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Personal property that is tangible. Goods or other items of property, moveable or immovable, which are not real property, e.g., showcase firmly attached in a store. With rented property, such as a store, chattels are personal property of the renter and as such are also considered trade fixtures that may be removed when the lease expires. (Personal property remains as chattel unless annexed to the real property in such a way so that the item becomes personal property; e.g., a fence. Compare Trade Fixtures.)
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CHATTELS
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A mortgage deed that creates a lien on personal property
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CHATTEL MORTGAGE
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A valid encumbrance, e.g., mortgage or judgment, affecting title to realty.
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CLOUD ON TITLE
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A broker in a commercial transaction has an automatic lien against a property that’s the subject of a contract, for the contracted commission amount, when the contract is fulfilled and the broker files a lien affidavit in the recorder’s office in the county where the property is located. (Residential real estate brokers must sue in court to enforce a commission payment.)
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COMMERCIAL BROKER LIEN LAW
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To mix funds held in trust with other funds. For example: A broker mixes deposits with his funds by putting the deposits in his general account
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COMMINGLING
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The broker’s professional fee. Usually a percentage of the sales price. The fee is an amount agreed upon between the principal and the broker.
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COMMISSION
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The area owned together by all the owners of a condominium project. A condominium owner will own their own particular unit in fee simple and the common area jointly with the other owners. The common area usually has liability insurance paid by the Condominium Owners Association
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COMMON AREA
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Property accumulated by husband and wife by the efforts of either during their marriage. Community property laws provide that each spouse has an equal interest in the property so acquired. Community property is not recognized in all states.
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COMMUNITY PROPERTY
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A judicial or administrative procedure to exercise the right of eminent domain to take private property for public use and justly compensate the owner
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CONDEMNATION
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The system of ownership in fee simple title to designated areas of air space plus a percentage of ownership of common elements in the property. The air space consists of the area between the walls, floor, and ceiling area.
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CONDOMINIUM
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Something of value given to another to compensate them for entering into a contract
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CONSIDERATION
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Interim financing used during construction of a building followed by long-term financing called a “takeout loan.” Loan proceeds are made in installment payments as completion of the improvements occurs
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CONSTRUCTION LOAN
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Notice given by publication in a newspaper, recording or other method. There need not be actual notice by such publication
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CONSTRUCTIVE NOTICE
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An agreement that the law will enforce. The elements of a contract are mutual assent (offer and acceptance), consideration, competent parties, legal subject matter, and sometimes that the contract be in writing if required by the Statute of Frauds.
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CONTRACT
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A real estate installment sales contract commonly referred to as a land contract
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CONTRACT FOR DEED
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A loan that is not guaranteed or insured by a government agency
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CONVENTIONAL LOAN
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Transfer of title to land. Includes most instruments by which an interest in real estate is created, mortgaged, or assigned
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CONVEYANCE
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A state tax imposed on the transfer or conveyance of realty or any realty interest by means of a deed, lease, sublease, assignment, contract for deed or similar instrument
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CONVERYANCE TAX
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The right to occupy property is obtained through a proprietary lease by purchasing stock in a corporation that owns the property. Owner has interest in the entire building.
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COOPERATIVE
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A method of appraisal based on replacement cost minus depreciation plus land value.
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COST APPROACH
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A new and contrary offer made as a reply to an offer received from another
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COUNTEROFFER
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A promise or agreement of possession under a legal right. One of the five warranties in a general warranty deed
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COVENANT OF SEISIN
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The express promises of two or more parties in writing, the breach of which would entitle a person to damages
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COVENANTS
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The fractional interest of a husband in the estate of his wife at the time of her death.This term not used in all states.
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COURTESTY
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The amount of money owing on a note or a promise to pay
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DEBT
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The amount of money paid in regular intervals to reduce down the balance owed on a debt. The payment normally has to do with an amortized loan. Thus, it covers principal and interest
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DEBT SERVICE
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The transferring of real property by a private owner to a public agency (usually occurs from a builder to a city for construction of new streets in a subdivision).
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DEDICATION
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A written instrument transferring the grantor’s ownership of or interest in real property, if any
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DEED
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When the deed to a property is given by a borrower to the lender to satisfy the debt and avoid foreclosure
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DEED IN LIEU OF FORECLOSURE
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An instrument used to transfer title from a trustee to the equitable owner of real estate when title is held as collateral security for a debt, most commonly used upon payment in full of a deed of trust
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DEED OF RECONVERYANCE
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Limitations upon the use of property contained in the deed as a means of controlling the quality or character of a subdivision or specific piece of property.
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DEED RESTRICITIONS
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An instrument used in many states in place of a mortgage. Property is transferred to a trustee by the borrower (trustor) in favor of the lender (beneficiary) and reconveyed upon payment in full. (NOT used in all states, but still may appear on the test.)
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DEED OF TRUST
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A clause used to defeat or cancel a certain right upon the happening of a specific event (e.g., upon final payment, words of grant in a mortgage are void and the mortgage is thereby cancelled and title is re-vested to mortgagor).
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DEFESANCE CLAUSE
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The mortgage debt that remains due and payable by the borrower after a sheriff’s sale of property. The judgment is actually for the full amount of the unpaid mortgage debt, but the foreclosure sale proceeds are deducted from the amount due.
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DEFICIENCY JUDGMENT
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Act of transferring ownership in real property by documents recognized by law. Grantor delivers a deed to the grantee with the intention of giving up all rights to the property
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DELIVERY
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1. The decrease in value to real property improvements caused by deterioration or obsolescence; 2. A loss in value as an accounting procedure for use as a tax deduction for income tax purposes
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DEPRECIATION
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Administrative process where civil rights complaints are heard immediately by the Real Estate Commission, instead of using a hearing examiner.
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DIRECT COMPLAINT PROCEDURES
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The document commonly referred to under the truth and lending laws (Regulation Z) required to be given to a loan applicant to disclose all of the terms of his loan
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DISCLOSURE STATEMENT
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An added loan fee charged by a lender to make the yield on a lower-than- market interest rate loan competitive with other higher interest conventional loans.
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DISCOUNT POINTS
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Treating persons differently
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DISCRIMINATION
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The movement of money out of savings accounts into higher yield investments such as corporate and government instruments.
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DISINTERMEDIATION
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In some states, a life estate that is a one-third estate in real property which the spouse is entitled to claim upon the death of the other spouse on land which the late spouse sold during their marriage.
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DOWER
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Representing both parties to a transaction.
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DUAL AGENCY
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Money given by a buyer upon signing a sale contract showing the buyer’s intention to carry out the terms
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EARNEST MONEY DEPOSIT
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Right acquired by one person to use the land of another for a specific purpose
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EASEMENT
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The right acquired by the owner of one parcel of land to use the adjacent land of another for a specific purpose.There must be two tracts of land. One tract is called the dominant tenant (the tract that benefits from the easement). The other tract is called the servient tenant (the tract that is burdened by the easement).
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EASEMENT APPURTENANT
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An easement created by operation of law (not express grant or reservation) when land is divided, if there is a long-standing, apparent use that is reasonably necessary for enjoyment of dominant tenement
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EASEMENT BY IMPLICATION
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An easement given to a landlocked owner by the court system to provide a way of ingress and egress for the landlocked land. Remember: Ingress vs. Egress, and also landlocked land example
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EASEMENT BY NECESSITY
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A means of acquiring title by long-continued use
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EASEMENT BY PRESCRIPTION
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An easement created by law for the good of the public, i.e., utility easement. Remember there is no dominant tenement in an easement in gross.
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EASEMENT IN GROSS
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A loss of value due to a change in external factors of a piece of real property, e.g., a steel mill is being built next to your home
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ECONOMIC OBSOLESCENCE
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Farm Crops. Tenant farmers’ crops may be removed if owner sells the land.
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EMBLEMENTS
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The power or right of governmental bodies to take private real estate for public use upon payment of an equitable compensation
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EMINENT DOMAIN
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The unauthorized intrusion of a fixture or real property improvement onto the property of another, e.g., the roof of a building that extends over the property line into a neighbor’s property
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ENCROACHMENT
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Any claim, lien, charge or liability that affects or limits the fee simple title to real property, i.e., easement, liens, etc
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ENCUMBRANCE
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Any interest in real property other than legal title, that a court will enforce and protect, e.g., the interest held by a vendee under a land contract, a lease, an easement, etc.
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EQUITABLE TITLE
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The amount of an owner’s interest in a parcel of real estate which is the fair market value of the real estate in excess of the mortgaged indebtedness.
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EQUITY
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Mortgage or lease clause allowing a holder to vary the interest rate.
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ESCALATION CLAUSE
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Where real property passes to the state when the owner of such property dies without a will and with no heirs
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ESCHEAT
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The process by which mo legal documents are deposited with a third, disinterested party for future delivery so that several acts can occur at the same time and so that all parties to a transaction will have their interests protected.
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ESCROW
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An estate or interest in land for a definite number of years, months, etc., or expiring on a certain date
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ESTATE FOR YEARS
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A statement that prevents its issuer from later asserting different facts.
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ESTOPPEL CERTIFICATE
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A court action where a tenant loses possession of leased premises by act of a landlord because of a wrongful act by the tenant
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EVICTION
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A listing agreement where the broker is given the exclusive right to sell property but reserves to the owner the right to sell the property himself without payment of any commission.
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EXCLUSIVE AGENCY LISTING
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A listing agreement where the broker is entitled to collect a sales commission regardless of who sells the property including the owner of the property himself
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EXCLUSIVE RIGHT TO SELL LISTING
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A contract that has been performed by the parties. In the vernacular, people use “executed” to mean “signed:’ but this is not the legal definition
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EXECUTED
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A person appointed by a person in his will to carry out the terms of the will and to dispose of his property pursuant to the will provisions
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EXECUTOR
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A valid contract which has not been fully performed. Most real estate contracts are good examples.
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EXECUTORY CONTRACT
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an agency of the federal government created in 1934 to improve housing standards, provide a home, financing system to insure home mortgage and credit, and stabilize the mortgage market
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FHA
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Loans insured by an agency of the federal government
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FHA LOAN
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An entity that provides its own funds for mortgage financing
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MORTGAGE BANKER
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The lender who receives and holds a mortgage as security for a debt
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MORTGAGEE
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The document, promising to pay back money according to specific terms. The note may not be recorded, but the mortgage deed is recorded, The note is the promise to pay; the mortgage deed is the security for that promise.
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MORTGAGE NOTE
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One who gives a mortgage on his property to a lender, or mortgagee, as security for a loan or performance of an obligation; a borrower.
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MORTGAGOR
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A method of marketing real estate whereby other brokers in an organization are permitted to show and sell property listed with another broker
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MULTIPLE LISTING
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A service provided by a local board of REALTORS’ that puts homes for sale into a listing book where all members can show the property.
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MULTIPLE LISTING SERVICE(MLS)
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Also known as”aiternative MLs
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MLS PLUS
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A lease agreement that requires the lessee (tenant) to pay taxes, insurance, repairs, operating expenses, and other costs of property
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NET LEASE
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A listing contract where the seller receives a sum he specifies from the full proceeds of the sale. The broker receives the amount remaining as her commission
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NET LISTING
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The use of a structure that, while once lawful, no longer complies with zoning limitations.
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NONCONFORMING USES
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An executed document acknowledging debt by the person(s) signing it. In real estate, a mortgage deed is usually executed at the same time as security for the note
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NOTE
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Substituting a new obligation for an old one or substituting a new contract for an existing contract, thus relieving the original obligor from any further liabilities.
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NOVATION
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A loss of value due to a decrease in the usefulness of property caused by decay, changes in technology,people’s behavior patterns and tastes, or environmental changes, e.g., economic (external) obsolescence, functional obsolescence.
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OBSOLESCENCE
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A mortgage that serves the dual purpose of being security for both the original loan and other future loans. Most mortgages are open-ended today
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OPEN-ENDED MORTGAGE
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The prevention or elimination of discrimination in housing based upon race, sex, color, religion, national origin, handicap, or familial status.
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OPEN HOUSING
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A listing agreement where one or more brokers are permitted to show a listed property. Only the broker who sells the property is entitled to a commission.
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OPEN LISTING
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An agreement for which payment is made granting the exclusive right to buy or lease property at a given price within a stated period of time and binding the seller to hold an offer open for a stated period of time. A Unilateral Contract
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OPTION(CONTRACT)
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Payment made after it is due. Interest is said to be paid in arrears since it is paid the day of payment rather than in advance, as is rent. Property taxes are also usually paid in arrears.
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PAID IN ARREARS
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See BLOCKBUSTING
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PANIC PEDDLING
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See BLOCKBUSTING
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PANIC SELLING
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A rule of law that
limits the terms of a contract to those that are written within it. No oral evidence is permitted at time of trial concerning terms not in the written agreement |
PAROLE EVIDENCE RULE
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The Part Performance Doctrine states that if one of the parties substantially performs his part of the agreement, then the other party may not avoid the contract just because it was not in writing.
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PARTIAL PERFORMANCE
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A lawsuit in which unlawful discrimination is sought to be proven by evidence of patterns of racial discrimination and the practices of individuals charged with violations. Suits are investigated by the Justice Department
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PATTERN AND PRACTICE SUIT
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The person to whom a debt instrument (e.g., check or promissory note) is made payable to; also known as the receiver
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PAYEE
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The payment-in-full of an existing loan or other lien
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PAYOFF
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The sender of the payment
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PAYOR
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“by heads One who inherits property under a will, or pursuant to law, does so as an individual, as opposed to inheriting a divided share as one of several representatives of one in whose stead they take.
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PER CAPITA
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,”by lineage.”A distribution under a will, or pursuant to law, where children share what their deceased parent would have inherited if the parent had lived
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PER STIRPES
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A lease where the tenant’s rent is based upon the monthly or yearly gross receipts made on the premises, e.g., retail lease.
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PERCENTAGE LEASE
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A leasehold interest that continues from period to period, e.g., month to month, year to year.
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PERIODIC TENANCY
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Property that is not real property, but is tangible and moveable; personal chattels, e.g., clothes, furniture, portable dishwashers, microwave ovens, light bulbs.
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PERSONAL PROPERTY
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A map recorded at the county recorder’s office showing how a parcel of land is divided into lots. A map used to show a new subdivision
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PLAT (PLAT MAP)
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A term for a percentage of the loan amount that the lender charges as a fee for making the loan, lowering the interest rate, or other reason. One point is equal to one percent of the principal loan amount.
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POINT
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Right of the government to pass legislation protecting the safety and welfare of the public.
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POLICE POWER
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A legal instrument giving a person the authority to act for another, as attorney-in-fact, not necessarily an attorney-at-law
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POWER OF ATTORNEY
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An easement created by statute or court action because someone used another’s property openly and continuously over a period of time. Thus, even though not a written easement, one was created. Do not confuse with adverse possession.
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PRESCRIPTION EASEMENT
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Two or more brokers agreeing to set commission rates. This is illegal and is in violation of the Sherman Antitrust Act.
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PRICE FIXING
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. The person who gives authority to an agent or attorney, thereby creating afiduciary relationship; 2.The amount of a debt, excluding interest due
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PRINCIPAL
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The effort that brings about the desired result. An unbroken chain of events that results in the sale of property. Under an open listing, the broker who is the procuring cause of the sale receives the commission.
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PROCURING CAUSE
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The division of ongoing expenses and income items between the buyer and seller proportionately to the time of use, or the date of closing
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PRORATION
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Exaggerated or superlative comments or opinions, e.g.,”This is the most beautiful home in the neighborhood!”
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PUFFING
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A mortgage given by the buyer to the seller as a portion of, or the entire purchase price, of the property. Here the seller is acting as the lender.
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PURCHASE MONEY MORTGAGE
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A deed that grants any interest in property which the grantor may have. The grantee takes the property “as is” because the deed contains the operative words “release, remiss, or forever quit” and does not warrant title or possession.”l will quit claiming all interest in the property, if I have any.” Used to release dower or clear clouds on title.
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QUITCLAIM DEED
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Action by a court to remove a cloud or claim that has been placed on title to property.
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QUIET TITLE ACTION
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See STEERING
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RACIAL STEERING
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Land and anything permanently affixed to the land. Synonymous with “real property:’
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REAL ESTATE
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Established in lieu of a security bond covering each licensee. In Ohio, the maximum amount an injured claimant may recover is $40,000 per licensee involved in a transaction.
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REAL ESTATE RECOVERY SPEACIAL ACCOUNT
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The land and anything permanently attached, such as buildings, fences, and fixtures, including wall-to-wall carpeting, dishwasher, sump pump.
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REAL PROPERTY
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” A trade name for a member of the National Association of REALTORS” and its state and local affiliates. All brokers and salespersons are not REALTORS” any more than all copiers are Xerox”.
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REALTOR
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The return of monies invested in property, through reduction of the loan
amount and/or appreciation. Recapture rate is equal to the rate of depreciation that is allowed for one year. |
RECAPTURE
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Filing or entering a legal instrument into the county recorder’s office, which causes it to become a public record giving constructive notice of its existence to the world.
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RECORDING
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Federal government system of accurate land survey and description using base lines and principal meridians. There are 36 Sections in a township
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RECTANGULAR SURVEY
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The right of a landowner to reclaim property after foreclosure.
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REDEMPTION,RIGHT OF
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A right of a borrower who has defaulted on a mortgage note to redeem his title by paying entire debt before the foreclosure sale.
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REDEMPTION,EQUITABLE RIGHT OF
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A certificate used to reclaim a piece of real estate by paying off the debt owed on the property along with any court fees, This procedure is done after a foreclosure sale has been conducted and during the redemption period.
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REDEMPTION CERTIFICATE
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right of a borrower who has defaulted on a mortgage note to redeem his title by paying entire debt after the foreclosure sale. Statutory period can be as long as 1 year. Not used in all states.
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REDEMPTION,STATUTORY RIGHT OF
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Joint ventures, usually in the form of a limited partnership, through which real estate is purchased. A person must have a securities license to sell REITS. REITs avoid double taxation as they are taxed to the beneficiary.
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REITs(RE,EST,INV,TRS)
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A federal statute requiring disclosure of certain costs and prohibits certain acts in the sale of residential (one- to four-family) improved property which is to be financed by a federally insured lender.
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RESPA(RE,EST,ST,PRD,AC)
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The illegal process of a lender denying loans in certain areas of a community because of race, color, creed, etc. An analogous situation exists whenever insurance companies refuse to sell insurance to someone for reasons based on race. Any decision made that is not based on buyers’ qualifications.
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REDLINING
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The implementing provision of the Consumer Sales Practices Act enacted in 1969, which requires disclosure of the cost of credit and various terms available for credit to borrowers and consumers seeking credit. This is a Federal Statute, regulated by HUD, which is not part of any other sections of HUD. Requires disclosure of interest rates as an annual percentage rate (APR) for all consumer loans.
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REGULATION Z
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The discharge or relinquishment of a right, claim, or privilege.
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RELEASE
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A document signed(and usually recorded) by a lending institution when a mortgage has been satisfied in full.
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RELEASE OF MORTGAGE
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An interest in land whereby a person receives an interest in real estate upon the death of another, e.g., dad conveys a life estate to son “A7 and states that upon the son’s death, the estate will go to daughter”B Daughter “B” has received a remainder.
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REMAINDER
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The one entitled to the remainder.
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REMAINDERMAN
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The annulment of a contract so that the parties to it are put in a position as though the contract never existed, i.e., earnest money is returned to buyer.
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RESCISSION
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The interest in a life estate that reverts to a grantor or grantor’s heirs if no remainderman is named.
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REVERSIONARY INTEREST
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The characteristic of a joint tenancy by which the surviving joint tenant (owner) automatically takes all rights, title, and interest of the deceased joint tenant.
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RIGHT OF SURVIVORSHIP
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A method for a seller to free capital for his business expansion by selling his property to a buyer who has agreed to lease it back to him.
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SALE AND LEASEBACK
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A measure of land equal to one square mile, 640 acres, 1 of a township.
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SECTION
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The federal agency that regulates the sale of interstate real estate securities.
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SECURITIES and EXCHANGE COMMISSION
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The taking of custody of one’s personal or real property to compel compliance with a court order.
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SEQUESTRATION
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A term used in local zoning ordinances that represents the distance between lot lines and improvements.
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SETBACK
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The individual, normally working for the title company, who closes real estate loans. The settlement agent is required by FHA guidelines to sign the closing documents along with the seller and the buyer.
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SETTLEMENT AGENT
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Property held by one person or entity (corporation). Also called sole ownership.
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SEVERALTY
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Name of the federal antitrust law that makes it illegal for brokers to set uniform commission rates (price fixing), and prohibits other acts of collusion.
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SHERMAN ANTITRUST ACT
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Place where something exists; the personal preference of persons for one area over another, not necessarily based on objective facts of knowledge. Refers to the economic attributes (value, area of preference, etc.) that location gives to a particular parcel of land.
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SITUS
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A special agency authorizes the agent to represent the principal in a specific activity or transaction, e.g., a real estate broker acting as an agent for a seller.
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SPECIAL AGENCY
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A deed by which the grantor covenants or guarantees the title from the time he received it until it is conveyed to the grantee. The operative words of such a deed are “by, through, or under the grantor, but not otherwise.”This deed does not have all of the five warranties of a general warranty deed.
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SPECIAL WARRANTY DEED
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A lien affecting or attaching only to a certain specific parcel of land or piece of property, e.g., mortgage, mechanic’s, and ad valorem taxes.
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SPECIFIC LIEN
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A legal action available to a buyer to compel the performance of the terms of an agreement, such as the sale of a home.
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SPECIFIC PERFORMANCE
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A law requiring that certain instruments be in writing to be enforceable, e.g., deed, lease, option, but not a listing agreement. A listing agreement must be in writing according to another statute.
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STATUTE OF FRAUDS
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See REDEMPTION
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STATUTORY REDEMPTION
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The illegal practice of trying to influence a buyer’s choice of housing by racial, religious, ethnic, national origin, ancestry factors, etc. This includes showing only certain neighborhoods, “slanting”
property descriptions, and downgrading non-integrated neighborhoods in an effort to influence minority buyers. This may also include a sales associate steering prospective clients to a broker or sales associate of their race, color, or national origin. |
STEERING
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A loan where each payment is different, consisting of a fixed amount plus interest on the remaining balance.
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STRAIGHT LINE AMORTIZED LOAN
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A method of replacing the capital investment of income property, by reducing the value of the property by a set amount annually from the income, over the economic life of the property.
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STRAIGHT-LINE DEPRECIATION
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An agent of an agent; a person that an agent has delegated authority to, so that the subagent can assist in carrying out the principal’s order.
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SUBAGENT
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A written agreement between holders of liens on
mortgages, judgments, and other liens. |
SUBORDINATION AGREEMENT
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The substitution of one creditor for another, with the substituted person succeeding to the legal rights and claims of the original claimant.
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SUBROGATION
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The transfer of real property by will or the law of descent and distribution, as compared to transfer by a grant of the deed or any other form of purchase or transfer.
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SUCCESSION
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The procedure that determines the shape, area, and position of a parcel of land by locating its boundaries, and by which a buyer may be sure a property has no encroachment.
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SURVEY
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One of the four powers of the government, used as a means to collect revenue and implement policies. The power of government to tax, among other things, real property.
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TAXATION
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Joint tenancy with right of survivorship between a husband and wife.
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TENANCY BY THE ENTIRETY
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The interest in real property held by a tenant or mortgagor who remains in possession of leased premises after his right of possession has expired and the landlord has declared he does not want the tenant to remain.
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TENANCY AT SUFFERANCE
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The interest in real property held by a tenant or mortgagor in possession with the permission of the owner for a term that is not specified.
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TENANCY AT WILL
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The interest held by two or more persons in property who hold an undivided interest and whose interests need not be equaL There’s no right of survivorship between tenants in common.
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TENANTS IN COMMON
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A loan whereby interest only is paid in each installment and, at the end of the loan period, the principal is due in full.
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TERM LOAN
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One who makes a will; one who dies leaving a will.
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TESTATOR
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Legal phrase meaning that the amount of time stated in a con-tract must be strictly adhered to in order not to breach the contract. The parties specifically contemplate a punctual performance and precise time for completion of the contract.
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TIME IS OF THE ESSENCE
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An undivided interest in real estate for a period of time. A relatively new type ofownership of real estate used in resort areas. Purchasers buy the use of a property for a certain period of time in each year. Expenses are shared equally among the owners.
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TIMESHARE
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Evidence of legal ownership in real estate. Title is a concept, not a document.
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TITLE
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A contract whereby a title insurance company indemnifies the owner that title is free of defects and hidden risks such as forgeries. This does not guarantee you will not lose ownership, only that you would be compensated under terms of the policy.
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TITLE INSURANCE
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A legal system of land registration, using signature cards, to verify land ownership and determine title status, instead of being recorded (not used in all states).
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TORRENS SYSTEM
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Items of personal property annexed to leased property, which are necessary to the carrying on of a trade or business and which are removable by the tenant prior to expiration of the lease, e.g., pizza ovens, bowling lanes.
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TRADE FIXTURE
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A non-interest bearing bank account, separate from a real estate broker’s personal and business accounts, used to segregate trust funds from the broker’s own funds.
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TRUST ACCOUNT
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An instrument that conveys title to a trustee who holds it.
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TRUST DEED
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A deed executed by a trustee conveying land held in a trust to anyone other than the trustor.
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TRUSTEE'S DEED
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Federal law requires disclosure of the terms of credit by a creditor to a prospective debtor. Regulation Z implements Truth-In-Lending.
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TRUTH-IN-LENDING
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A contract (e.g., Open listing, Option) under which one party makes an express promise or undertakes performance without receiving in return any ex-press promise or performance from other party. No contract occurs until someone performs.
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UNILATERAL CONTRACT
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1. In appraisal for sale purposes, the true economic value of a building in terms of years of use to the owner; 2. For tax purposes, the life set for depreciation. At any time during that period, a new life could begin for a new owner.
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USEFUL LIFE
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Charging an illegal rate or amount of interest on a loan. In Ohio, the maximum allowable rate is 8% above the Federal Reserve discount rate. Ohio usury law does not regulate all government-affected mortgage corporations. Non-exempted loans have a ceiling of 3% above the Federal Reserve discount rate.
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USURY
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A mortgage loan secured through an approved lending institution and guaranteed by the Veteran’s Administration.
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VA LOAN
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Binding and enforceable contract; one party can legally force the other party to perform.
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VALID CONTRACT
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Allows lender to increase or decrease the interest rate within parameters set down in mortgage note. See a/so ADJUSTABLE RATE MORTGAGE.
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VARIABLE RATE MORTGAGE
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A change in part of a zoning requirement without actually changing the zoning.
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VARIANCE
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A purchaser in a land contract; the purchaser of real estate.
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VENDEE
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The seller in a land contract; the seller of real estate.
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VENDOR
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A contract lacking the essential elements necessary for formation; a contract of no legal force and effect, e.g., a contract for an i/Jega/ purpose.
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VOID CONTRACT
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A contract that can be terminated even though it appears valid; e.g., a contract with a minor can be rescinded by the minor and thus is a voidable contract.
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VOIDABLE CONTRACT
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A deed in which the grantor fully warrants good and clear title to the property and agrees to defend the premises against the lawful claims of third persons. See a/so GENERAL WARRANTY DEED.
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WARRANTY DEED
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Improper use of property, which hurts its value by a possessor who holds less than fee ownership, such as a life tenant, tenant, etc.
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WASTE
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A deed clause stating a grantor’s intent to transfer an interest in real property. Also called a
GRANTING CLAUSE. |
WORDS OF CONVEYANCE
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A form ofjunior mortgage that may be used when it is not feasible to retire the first mortgage, land contract, or lease-purchase agreement. Title to the real estate does not pass until subsequent payments occur.
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WRAPAROUND LOAN
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A court order directing an official to sell property to satisfy a judgment against the owner of the property.
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WRIT OF EXECUTION
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Rate of return on an investment, generally shown as a percentage. The yearly income divided by the value of the building equals the percentage of return. IRV— income, rate, value.
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YEILD
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The regulation over the use of land within a specific municipality.
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ZONING
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Under the common law, this relationship is defined as:
1. Agency is the fiduciary relation that results from the manifestation of consent by one person to another that the other shall act on his behalf and subject to his control, and consent by the other so to act. 2. The one for whom action is taken is the principal. 3.The one who is to act is the agent. In a real estate transaction, the agency relationship is formed between the brokerage firm (including all their licensees) and the principal. |
AGENCY RELATIONSHIP
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See MIS PLUS.
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ALTERNATIVE MLS
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An automatic offer that is made by a listing agent to all other members of the Multiple Listing Service (MLS) when the agent submits the seller’s listing to a traditional MLS; the offer is accepted whenever an agent shows the listed property without rejecting the offer.
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BLANKET UNILATERAL OFFER OF SUBAGENCY
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The agency relationship that exists between a buyer principal and the buyer’s agent.
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BUYER AGENCY
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The practice of representing only the buyer and never the seller in a transaction.
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BUYER AGENCY EXCLUSIVELY
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A real estate agent who is employed by and represents only the buyer in a real estate transaction, regardless of whether the commission is paid by the buyer or by the seller, or through a commission split with the listing agent.
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BUYER'S AGENT
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A buyer or seller represented by an agent who is subject to that buyer’s or seller’s control; also called a principal.
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CLIENT
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Any fee that is conditional upon some event occurring, usually a closing.
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CONTINGENT FEE
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See SELLING AGENT
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COOPERATING AGENT
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A buyer who is working with an agent who represents the seller; also the seller of unlisted property that is being sold to a buyer represented by a buyer’s agent.
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CUSTOMER
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A dual agency relationship where the brokerage firm, by written or oral means, discloses and receives informed consent from both the buyer and the seller to act in a dual agency capacity.
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DISCLOSED DUAL AGENCY
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A real estate agent who has received informed consent from both a buyer and seller in the same transaction to act in a dual agency capacity.
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DISCLOSED DUAL AGENT
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An agency relationship where the brokerage firm represents both the buyer and the seller in the same transaction to act in a dual agency capacity.
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DUAL AGENCY
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A person who assists the parties to a potential real estate transaction in communication, interposition, and negotiation, to reach agreement between or among them, without being an advocate for the interests of any party except the mutual interest of all parties to reach agreement. Also known as an intermediary. (Not recognized in all states.)
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FACILITATOR
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Duties owed by an agent to his principal (ACCOLD):1. Duty of Accountability 2. Duty of confidentiality 3. Duty of Care (Reasonable Care and Skill4. Duty of obedience 5. Duty of Loyalty 6. Duty of Disclosure
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FIDUCIARY DUTIES
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Any agency relationship that is indicated by the words and/or actions of the agent rather than by written agreement; also called accidental or undisclosed agency.
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IMPLIED AGENCY
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A person’s agreement to allow something to happen that is based on a full disclosure of facts needed to make the decision intelligently, e.g., knowledge of liability involved, alternatives, etc.
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INFORMED CONSENT
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A sale in which one real estate brokerage company acts as both the listing and selling agent.
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IN-COMPANY SALE
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See FACILITATOR
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INTERMEDIARY
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An agent of the seller who markets that seller’s property, usually exclusively, and represents the seller during the sale and closing of the property. Also known as “seller’s agent:’
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LISTING AGENT
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An
organized system created to disseminate information about listed properties and through which members offer cooperation and compensation to their participants; usually a committee of a Board or a corporation owned by a Board. |
MULTIPLE LISTING SERVICE(MLS)
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policy that allows listing agents to indicate the fee they will pay a buyer’s agent as well as the fee they will pay to a subagent upon a successful closing. An offer of subagency is mandatory. Also known as “alternative MLS7 but is not in all markets.
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MLS PLUS
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See SELLING AGENT
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PARTICIPATING AGENT
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The proximate cause originating a series of events that, without break in their continuity, results in the accomplishment of the objective. A real estate broker will be regarded as the “procuring cause” of a sale, so as to be entitled to commission, if the broker’s efforts are the foundation on which the negotiations resulting in a sale are begun.
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PROCURING CAUSE
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A real estate agent who is employed by and represents only the seller in a real estate transaction. Also known as “listing agent:’
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SELLER'S AGENT
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The agency relationship that exists between a seller principal and the seller’s agent.
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SELLER AGENCY
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The practice of representing the party you are working with (either buyer or seller) and becoming a disclosed dual agent for in-company sales.
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SELLER AGENCY AND BUYER AGENCY WITH DISCLOSED DUAL AGENCY FOR IN -COMANY SALES
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The practice of representing only the seller and never the buyer in a transaction.
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SELLER AGENCY EXCLUSIVELY
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Any agent who sells a property; she may be the subagent or listing agent of the seller, or a buyer’s agent, or a dual agent. Also called a cooperating agent, or participating agent.
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SELLING AGENT
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The practice of representing either the buyer or the seller, but never both, in the same transaction.
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SINGLE AGENCY
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A situation in which one agent represents the buyer and another agent from the same real estate brokerage represents the seller. The broker and all management- level employees are dual agents of both buyer and seller. The broker may also appoint a specific agent to represent the seller and another specific agent (from the same firm) to represent the buyer. Also termed an “in- company transaction:’
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SPLIT AGENCY
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An agent employed to act for another agent in performing functions undertaken for a principal, who owes the same duties and responsibilities to the principal as the principal’s agent. Correspondingly, the subagent can create the same liabilities for the agent and principal that the agent can create for the principal himself or herself.
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SUBAGENT
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MLS in which listing agents must offer cooperation but don’t automatically offer subagency; the offer of compensation may be to buyer’s agents, subagents and/or listing agents; subagency may be offered.
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SUBAGENCY OPTIONAL MLS
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A dual agency relationship that occurs when a listing agent or subagent acts or speaks as though he also represents the buyer but without either written or oral disclosure. Conversely, dual agency also occurs when an agent of the buyer acts or speaks as if he also represents the seller.
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UNDISCLOSED DUAL AGENCY
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A measure of land that is 43,560 square feet.
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ACRE
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A general term including any method of depreciation that is greater than straight-line depreciation.
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ACCELERATED DEPRECIATION
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Payment of debt in regular, periodic installments of principal and interest (as opposed to interest-only payments).
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AMORTIZATION
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A loan that is paid back in regular installment amounts of principal and interest over a specified period of time.
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AMORTIZED LOAN
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The income from a property after operating expenses have been deducted, but before taxes and debt service are counted:
Net Income = Gross Income Operating Expenses This is a capitalization method that derives a value indication by using annual net income. |
ANNUAL NET OPERATING INCOME(NOI)
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An increase in the value of property due to either a positive
improvement of the area or the elimination of negative factors. Commonly, and incorrectly, used to describe an increase in value through inflation. |
APPRECIATION
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An agreement by a buyer to assume the liability under an
existing note secured by a mortgage. The lender usually must approve the new debtor (the buyer) in order to release the existing debtor (usually the seller) from liability. |
ASSUMPTION OF MORTGAGE
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The value of real property fixed for purposes of computing taxes:
Assessed Value x Tax Rate Real Estate Tax |
ASSESSED VALUATION
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Value placed on property for property tax purposes by a tax assessor.
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ASSESSED VALUE
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A method of determining the present value of income property by
discounting the annual net income by a commonly used rate of return. Income ÷ Rate Value (Remember: IRV) |
CAPITALIZATION
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The percentage (acceptable to an average buyer) used to determine the value of income property through capitalization.
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CAPITALIZATION RATE
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In investment property, the actual cash the investor will receive after deducting operating expenses and debt service (loan payments) from the gross income.
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CASH FLOW
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A real estate loan, mortgage, or deed of trust not obtained under a government-insured program.
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CONVENTIONAL LOAN
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Transfer of title to land. Includes most instruments by which an interest in real estate is created, mortgaged, or assigned.
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CONVEYANCE
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A tax imposed on the transfer or conveyance of realty or any realty interest by means of a deed, lease, sublease, assignment, contract for deed, or similar instrument. Tax can be at the state or county level.
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CONVEYANCE TAX(OR TRANSFER TAX OR CONVEYANCE FEE)
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The amount of money paid in regular intervals to reduce the balance owed on a debt. The payment normally amortizes a loan, thus it typically includes principal and interest.
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DEBT SERVICE
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1. The decrease in value to real property improvements caused by deterioration or obsolescence; 2. A loss in value as an accounting procedure for use as a tax deduction for income tax purposes. Investors use depreciation as a tax shelter.
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DEPRECIATION
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An added loan fee charged by a lender to increase the yield on a lower-than-market interest rate loan, making it competitive with other higher interest loans.
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DISCOUNT POINTS
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Money given by a buyer upon signing a sales contract, showing the buyer’s intention to carry out the terms of the contract. Earnest money is an inducement and a show of good faith (not consideration), and is not necessary for a valid contract to exist.
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EARNEST MONEY DEPOSIT
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The result obtained by dividing the value of a property by the gross annual income, or the sales price divided by gross rents.
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GROSS MONTHLY RENT MULTIPLIER(GMRM
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A method of determining the value of income producing residential properties:
Gross Rent x Multiplier = Sales Price |
GROSS RENT MULTIPLIER
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A one-time set up fee charged by the lender.
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LOAN ORIGINATION FEE
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The price that a piece of real estate actually sold for. (Commonly used interchangeably with market value, but not truly the same. Compare: Market Value.)
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MARKET PRICE
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The theoretical price that a piece of real estate is most likely to bring in a typical transaction. The highest price a willing buyer would pay and a willing seller would accept, both being reasonably informed, with the property being exposed for a reasonable period of time. The market value may be different from the market price a property can actually be sold for at a given time. Market value may be different from market price at a given point in time.
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MARKET VALUE
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Equal to one-tenth of a cent, used in expressing tax rates. For example, ten mills would be the same as $10 per thousand dollars of value. (1 mill 0.001 11100 of $1.00)
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MILL
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Payment made after it is due. Interest is said to be paid in arrears since it is paid the day of payment (after a person has had use of the money) rather than paid in advance (which is how rent is typically paid). Property taxes are also usually paid in arrears.
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PAID IN ARREARS
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The person to whom a debt instrument (e.g., check or promissory note) is made payable; also known as the receiver. (“Pay to the order of: the payee..:’)
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PAYEE
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The payment in full of an existing loan or other lien.
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PAY OFF
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The sender of the payment.
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PAYOR
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A term for a percentage of the loan amount that the lender charges as a fee for making the loan, lowering the interest rate, or other reason. One point is equal to one percent of the principa/loan amount (notthe purchase price of a property).
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POINT
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1.The person who gives authority
to an agent or attorney, thereby creating a fiduciary relationship; 2.The amount of a debt, excluding interest due. |
PRINCIPAL
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The division of expenses and income items between the buyer and seller, proportionately, based on the time of use, or the date of closing.
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PRORATION
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The return of money invested in property, via reduction of the loan amount and/or appreciation. Recapture rate is equal to the rate of depreciation that’s allowed for one year.
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RECAPTURE
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A measure of land equal to one square mile, 640 acres, 1136 of a township.
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SECTION
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A loan with each payment being different, consisting of a fixed amount plus interest on the remaining balance.
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STRAIGHT LINE AMORTIZED LOAN
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A method of replacing the capital investment of income property, by reducing the value of the property by a set amount annually from the income, over the economic life of the property.
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STRAIGHT-LINE DEPRECIATION
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A loan whereby interest only is paid in each installment, with the principal due in full at the end of the loan period.
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TERM LOAN
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1. In appraisal, for sale purposes, the true economic value of a building in terms of years of use to the owner; 2. For tax purposes, the life set for depreciation. At any time during that period, a new life could begin for a new owner.
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USEFUL LIFE
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Charging an illegal rate or amount of interest on a loan.The rate that constitutes usury varies by state.
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USURY
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Rate of return on an investment, generally shown as a percentage. The yearly income divided by the value of the building equals the percentage of return. (Remember:
I RV) |
YIELD
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One who acts, or has the power to act, for another
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agent
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An English term referring to transfer of property from one person to another.
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alienation
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A clause used in a mortgage allowing the lender to call for the full payment of the mortgage (foreclosure) because the owner transferred ownership of the property. This is a type of acceleration clause because it accelerates the time when the entire loan amount is due. Very often referred to as a “Due-on-Sale” clause.
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alienation clause
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Features, both tangible and intangible, that enhance the desirability of real estate. For example, a marble fireplace, desirable location, soaking tub, historicity of the location, preferred floor plan, or anything with sentimental value to the buyer may be considered an amenity.
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amenities
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Payment of debt in regular, periodic installments of principal and interest (as opposed to interest-only payments)
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amortization
|
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A loan that is paid back in regular installment amounts of principal and interest over a specified period of time.
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amortized loan
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Net income is income from a property after operating expenses have been deducted, but before taxes and debt service are counted Net Income = Gross Income — Operating Expenses. This is a capitalization method that derives a value indication by using annual net income
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annual net operating income(NOI)
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A defensible opinion or estimate of value of real property as of a certain date
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appraisal
|
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An increase in the value of property due either to a positive improvement in the area or the elimination of negative factors. Commonly, and incorrectly, used to describe an increase in value through inflation.
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appreciation
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“Runs with the land:’ Something that belongs to property and passes with it, but need not be attached to it, e.g., outbuildings, easements
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appurtenance
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The method by which disputes between REALTOR’ brokers may be resolved. Disputes are heard by the Arbitration Committee of the local Board of REALTORS’, e.g., a commission dispute.
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arbitration
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The value of real property fixed for purposes of computing taxes. Assessed value x tax rate = real estate tax.
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assessed valuation
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A valuation placed upon real property as a basis to set the amount of tax to be levied. Also, the levy or rate to be paid to the government for services provided or constructed by it, e.g., curbs, sewers, sidewalks
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assessment
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Transfer of any property, real or personal, or any rights therein to another. In real estate, it does not release the transferor from the obligations stated in the contract.
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assignment
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An obligation and promise to be personally liable for conditions in a cpntract.
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assumption
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An agreement by a buyer to assume the liability under an existing note secured by a mortgage. The lender usually must approve the new debtor (the buyer) in order to release the existing debtor (usually the seller) from liability
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assumption of mortgage
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The seizing of property by court order usually, to furnish security for a debt or judgment
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attachment
|
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A person specifically designated in an instrument, e.g., power of attorney, to do something legally for another in his stead. An attorney-in-fact has a fiduciary relationship with his principal. An attorney-in- fact need not be an attorney-at-law.
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attorney-in-fact
|
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partly amortized note where part of the principal is reduced bythe time the final payment is due.Thus, a lump sum payment of the principal is due at the end of the loan. Very often called “A partially amortized mortgage
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balloon payment(balloon note)
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Bilateral or reciprocal contracts are those by which the parties expressly enter into mutual engagements, e.g., real estate sales contract. Each party promises to perform some act
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bilateral(reciprocal) contract
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An instrument in writing that transfers ownership of tangible personal property, e.g., furniture.
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bill of sale
|
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A single mortgage loan where two or more different parcels of property are offered as security for the loan
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blanket mortgage
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An illegal act whereby owners are encouraged to sell their properties because minorities are moving into their neighborhood. (Also known as “panic selling” or”panic peddling:’
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blockbusting
|
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The bringing together of persons desiring to make transactions in real estate.
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brokerage
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A parcel of land that separates two other parcels, e.g., a parcel between a residential and a commercial strip of land
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buffer zone
|
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Legal rights conferred to owners of real property, including rights to mortgage, sell, make improvements, enjoyment, lease, and use property
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bundle of rights
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|
Government regulations specifying minimum construction and building standards to safeguard the health, safety, and welfare of the public. Building codes are a valid exercise of the government’s police power and can restrict an owner’s use and enjoyment of his property.
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building codes
|
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A method of determining the present value of income property by discounting the annual net income by a commonly used rate of return.
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capitalization
|
|
The percentage used to determine the value of income property through capitalization
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capitalization rate
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In Investment property, the ACTUAL cash the investor will receive after deduction of operating expenses and debt service(loan payments) from the gross income
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cash flow
|
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an association created underTitle Ill of the National Housing Act to buy Title V loans to keep the market sound. Part of the secondary market (along with Freddie Mac and Ginnie Mae) that purchases first mortgages
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FNMA
|
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Pertaining to real estate: inaccurate advertising of the terms of a loan, under Regulation Z (Truth in Lending Federal Statute) the intent of which is to protect residential buyers
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FALSE ADVERTISING
|
|
Title VIII of the Civil Rights Act of 1968 that declared a national policy of providing fair housing in the United States. The law makes it illegal to discriminate in the sale or rental of housing based upon race, color, sex, religion, national origin, handicap, or familial status.
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FEDERAL FAIR HOUSING LAW
|
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An estate where the owner has the highest possible estate: absolute control of a parcel of real estate
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FEE SIMPLE ESTATE
|
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A relationship of trust and confidence between a principal and an agent
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FICUCIARY
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tHE DUTIES OWED BY AN AGENT ACTING AS A fIUCIARY ARE
|
ACCOUNTABLILITY, CONFIDENTIALITY, CARE(REASONABLE CARE AND SKILL), OBEDIENCE, LOYALTY, DISCLOSURE
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A commonly used term to describe legal documents, such as mortgages and notes, which are used for borrowing money in real estate
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FINANCING INSTRUMENTS
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Personal property attached to the land or improvements that cannot be removed without agreement since they attach to and become real property (e.g., mailbox, chandelier
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FIXTURES
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A legal process by which property serving as security for an obligation is sold when a default occurs. The debtor can be the successful bidder and be awarded the title
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FORECLOSURE SALE
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An intentional perversion of the truth for the purpose of inducing another in reliance upon it to part with something of value belonging to him or to surrender a legal right.
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FRAUD
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An estate in fee or for life
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FREEHOLD
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A loss of value due to a decrease in the design usefulness of the property.
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FUNCTIONAL OBSOLESCENCE
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A type of principal agent relationship where the agent is empowered to represent the principal in a narrow area of activities. A general agent has the legal right to bind the principal in any contract within the scope of her responsibility, e.g., a Property Manager
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GENERAL AGENCY
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The right of a creditor to claim all of a debtor’s property, both real and personal, seized and sold at public auction, e.g., judgments and IRS taxes.
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GENERAL LIEN
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ELEMENTS OF FRAUD
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(a) intentional misstatement of fact; (b) the misstatement of fact must be material; and (c) the defrauded party must have been entitled to rely on the statement.
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A partnership in which each member has an equal right to manage the business and share in the profits, as well as equal responsibility for the partnership’s debts
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GENERAL PARTNERSHIP
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A deed that includes five warranties, two of which are: 1. Grantor (seller) warrants he has the right and title to convey to the new buyer; 2. Grantor warrants that all previous owners in the chain of title had the right to convey
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GENERAL WARRANTY DEED
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A document conveying or transferring real property
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GRANT DEED
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One to whom a grant is made, generally the buyer
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GRANTEE
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A person who conveys his or her interest in real property, generally the seller.
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GRANTOR
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A lease of property where the lessee pays a fixed rent and the lessor pays taxes, insurance, and other charges incident to ownership
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GROSS LEASE
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The result obtained by dividing the value by the Gross Annual Income, or the Sales price divided by Gross Rent
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GROSS MONTHLY RENT MULTIPLIER
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A method of determining the value of income producing residential properties.
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GROSS RENT MULTIPLIER
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Clause induced after granting clause in many deeds (begins”to have and to hold”), describing the type of estate granted
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HABENDUM CLAUSE
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An expression describing the use of land that, at the time the property is appraised, results in the highest net income attributable to the land
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HIGHEST AND BEST USE
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A real estate tax reduction on a homestead owned by a person 65 years of age or older or permanently disabled
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HOMESTEAD HOMESTEAD EXEMPTION LAW
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A person’s land used as their residence that is usually exempt from attachment by creditors to a statutorily preset amount, i.e., in some states, one can exempt up to $5,000 per owner from attachment by unsecured creditors upon foreclosure.
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HOMESTEAD
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Some agency relationships can be implied because of the circumstances surrounding a relationship. Implied agencies do not normally occur in real estate transactions
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IMPLIED AGENCY
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A guaranty where the law derives it by implication or inference from the nature of the transaction or the relative situation, or circumstances of the parties
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IMPLIED WARRANTY
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Incomplete, such as an interest in the real property during the spouse’s life, as in dower rights.
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ICHOATE
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A person retained by another to accomplish a particular result by methods completely up to the independent contractor, e.g., real estate salesperson.
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INDEPENDENT CONTRATOR
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Entering and exiting; usually refers to a road or other means of access to a piece of property
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INGESS AND EGRESS
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A person who dies without making a will, thus his estate is passed on by the laws of descent and distribution
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INTESTATE
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An interest held by two or more persons in property where each person holds an equal share of interest in the undivided whole and shares equal liability for payment.
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JOINT TENANCY
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A recorded claim against another for a wrongful act ordered by a court
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JUDGMENT LIEN
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A method of selling real estate by which the purchaser takes possession and pays for property in regular installments, while the seller retains legal title until the property is paid for in full. Also known as an installment contract or contract for deed.
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LAND CONTRACT
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A system whereby title to property passes by operation of law to the heirs of one who dies owning property without a will
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LAW OF DESCENT AND DISTRIBUTION
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A written contract between the owner, lessor of property, and a tenant, lessee, where the possession of land and/or building(s) is granted by the owner to the tenant for a specified period of time for a specified amount of rent
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LEASE
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The interest of a lessee to use and enjoy real estate for a specified period of time and upon certain conditions, e.g., the payment of rent, THE FOUR TYPICAL ONES ARE ESTATE FOR YEARS, PERIODIC TENANCY, TENANCY AT WILL AND TENANCY AT SUFFERANCE
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LEASEHOLD ESTATE
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A permission, either express or implied, that can be revoked at any time and cannot be assigned, e.g., permission to hunt
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LICENSE
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A claim against title that one party has upon the property of another as security for payment of a debt or obligation, e.g., mortgage.
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LIEN
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A state in which real estate mortgages are regarded as a lien; title remains with the mortgagor absent default; and foreclosure proceedings can be commenced upon default.
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LIEN THEORY STATE
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An interest in real or personal property, the duration of which is limited by the life of its owner or the life of another designated person
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LIFE ESTATE
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An asset, either cash, stocks, or bonds, that can be quickly (within a 24—48 hour period) converted to cash.
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LIQUID ASSET
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The cash position of an individual or business measured by cash on hand or securities that can quickly be converted to cash
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LIQUIDITY
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That portion in a condominium project owned by all the owners but can only be used by one of the owners, i.e., a designated parking space, the manager’s apartment, the balcony off of a particular unit
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LIMITED COMMON ELEMENT
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A partnership made up of one or more general partners and one or more limited partners
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LIMITED PARTNERSHIP
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A notice filed in the public records for the purpose of serving constructive notice that title or some matter involving a particular parcel of real property is in litigation
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LIS PENDENS
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A contract whereby a real estate broker has the right to sell someone’s property.
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LISTING AGREEMENT
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A one-time set up fee charged by the lender
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LOAN ORIGINATION FEE
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A method of describing real property that identifies a parcel of land by reference to lot and blocknumbers within a subdivision, as specified on a recorded subdivision plat, must include county and state.
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LOT AND BLOCK DESCRIPTION
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Latin, “we command A writ --- issued by a court ordering someone to do something or refrain from doing something
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MANDAMUS
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A method of appraising property where factors considered are neighborhood economic standards, cost of comparable properties, and demand
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MARKET DATA COMPARISON APPROACH TO VALUATION
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The price that a piece of real estate actually sold for. Commonly used interchangeably with market value, but not truly the same
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MARKET PRICE
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The theoretical price that a piece of real estate is most likely to bring in a typical transaction. The highest price a willing buyer would pay and a willing seller would accept, both being fully informed, with the property being exposed for a reasonable period of time
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MARKET VAUE
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A title to real estate that is reasonably free of defects and encumbrances so there is no reasonable doubt as to its validity or reasonable apprehension of danger or litigation with respect to it, and the owners are insured peaceful enjoyment.
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MARKETABLE TITLE
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A statutory lien to secure priority of payment for the value of work performed and material provided for improvements to land. The lien attaches to the land and its improvements.
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MECHANIC'S LIEN
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Description of land by boundary lines, terminal points, and angles. The description must begin and end at the same point, POB— Point of Beginning
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METES AND BOUNDS
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Equal to one-tenth of a cent. Used in expressing tax rates.
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MILL
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A statement or conduct by a person that represents to another a fact that is not true. A seller, broker, or builder may have a duty to disclose certain defects in property to a buyer or tenant
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MISREPRESENTATION
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Authorized to do everything that can be lawfully delegated to a representative.
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Universal Agent
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Authorized to handle all of the principal's affairs in one area or in specified areas.
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General agent
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Has limited authority to do a specific thing or conduct a specific transaction.
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Special agent
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Authority intentionally given to an agent by the principal, either expressly or by implication.
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Actual authority
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Authority expressly communicated by the principal to the agent.
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Express authority
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authority to do everything reasonably necessary to carry out the principal's express orders.
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Implied authority
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