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31 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What is the main function of the turbinates(structure wise)?
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increase the surface area of the nasal cavity
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What type of epithelium covers the posterior two thirds of the nasal mucosa?
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Pseudostratified, ciliated columnar with mucous-secreting glands
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What function of the nose is lost if a plastic endotracheal tube is inserted through the nose or mouth and into the trachea?
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air-conditioning
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In a deeply unconscious patient, what is the most common threat to upper airway patency?
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soft tissue obstruction
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Intercostal retractions, Increased WOB and ___ are signs consistent with complete airway obstruction. (low-pitched snoring sound is not)
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suprasternal retractions
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This structure is an important landmark during the insertion of a tube into the trachea.
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Vallecula
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What is the narrowest portion of the airway in the infant?
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Cricoid ring
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What is the narrowest portion of the airway in the adult larynx?
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glottis
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___ is the term associated with a sound created by high-velocity air flowing through a narrowed glottis.
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Stridor
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This mechanism explains why drowning victims often have little water in their lungs.
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Laryngospasm
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If an endotracheal tube is inserted too far in the process of intubation, its tip is more likely to enter the ___ bronchus.
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right
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____ is the term that describes a volume of gas that is approximately 150 mL in the average adult and does not participate in gas exchange.
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Anatomical Dead Space
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___ are collateral air passages that make it possible for the acinus and alveoli to receive ventilation from neighboring airways and alveoli.
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Pores of Kohn
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___ is what conducting airway mucosal epithelium is made up of.
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Columnar, ciliated, pseudostratified cells with goblet cells
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Which group of cells comprises most of the alveolar surface?
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Type I
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Which group of cells contains the lamellar bodies?
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Type II
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Which group of cells engulfs microorganisms and foreign materials in the alveolus?
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Macrophages
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This area is ineffective for lung clearance (no hairs here).
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acinus
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This is the explanation for the left hemidiaphragmatic surface to be slightly lower than the right: the heart rests on the left half of the diaphragm, pushing it downward and the ___ (directly below the right half of the diaphragm)props up this area.
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liver
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___ describes the presence of fluid in the pleural space caused by inflammation.
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Pleural effusion
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What is the meaning of anatomical shunting?
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That systemic arterial blood can never have the same partial pressure of oxygen as the alveolar gas.
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The ____ is the source of innervation for the lung.
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Autonomic nervous system
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Phrenic nerves originate form spinal nerves C3 to C5. They enter the chest in front of the ____ and are sandwiched between subclavian arteries and veins. Nerve injury is associated paralysis of the diaphragm.
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scalenus muscle
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___ are the main neurotransmitters of the autonomic system.
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Norepinephrine (also called epinephrine)
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Circulating epinephrine is NOT the only natural mechanism for sympathetic ___ in humans.(use Norepi)
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bronchodilation
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__ is a good example of slowly adapting stretch receptors.
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Herring-Breuer reflex
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You are assisting a PGY-1 surgery resident with the insertion of a chest tube. The resident turns to you asking which border of the rib he should avoid placing the tube. Your answer should be: the ____.
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lower border
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The ___ is the part of the sternum that marks the level of the carina.
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Angle of Louis
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The ___is the primary muscle active in quiet breathing.
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diaphragm
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Sternomastoids, ____ and abdominals are considered the accessory muscles of respiration.
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Pectoralis major
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The abdominal muscles are the only accessory muscles of ___.
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expiration
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