Radio Lab Exam

Front 1

The x-ray machine is divided into three primary components:

Back 1

- The x-ray tube

- The operating console

- The high voltage section

Front 2

Control booth should contain

Back 2

-operator console

-technique charts

-space to store cassettes

Front 3

used to change incoming power to levels needed to produce x-rays.

Back 3

High Voltage Section or Generator

Front 4

2 Principle Parts of modern x-ray tube

Back 4

1.The rotating anode 2.The cathode

Front 5

The key components of X-ray tube are the following:

Back 5

• Tube housing • Glass envelope • Stator assembly • X-ray port and collimator • Cathode or filament assembly • Anode

Front 6

– supported through fixed or mobile supports – made of steel or aluminium

Back 6

tube housing

Front 7

-housed in a lead lines metal protective housing. – designed to limit the beam to window.

Back 7

Tube housing

Front 8

– x-ray photons are generated isotropically or in all directions.

Back 8

Tube housing

Front 9

Functions: • provide mechanicalsupport and protectionfrom damage. • contains oil that provides more insulation and a thermal cushion.

Back 9

X- ray tube

Front 10

function of x-ray tube

Back 10

Functions: • provide mechanicalsupport and protectionfrom damage. • contains oil that provides more insulation and a thermal cushion.

Front 11

• Incorporates specially designed high voltage receptacles to protect against electricalshock. • Some housing have a fan for cooling.

Back 11

X-ray tube

Front 12

– Pyrex glass envelope – allowing maximum efficiency to the acceleration of the electrons

Back 12

Glass envelope

Front 13

what does glass envelope made off

Back 13

made of borosilicate, which is strong, does not expand greatly when heated and provides electric insulation

Front 14

-take heat away from the tube • prevent the tube from overheating and provides electrical insulation

Back 14

Oil

Front 15

– made of plastic or beryllium, ground as thinly as possible

Back 15

Tube port

Front 16

what does tube port made of

Back 16

plastic or beryllium

Front 17

– is the negative side of the tube and contains two primary parts: • The filaments • The focusing cup

Back 17

Cathode

Front 18

main parts of cathode

Back 18

Filament and focusing cup

Front 19

source of electrons necessary for the production of X-rays. It is made thoriated tungsten

Back 19

Filament

Front 20

What does filament made of?

Back 20

Thoriated Tungsten

Front 21

Filament is made of Thoriated Tungsten because?

Back 21

High atomic number

thermal conductivity

High melting point of 3410 C

Front 22

- It contains the filament. – condense the electron beam to a small area of the anode to ensure all electrons strike the anode.

Back 22

Focusing cup

Front 23

-made of molybdenum or nickel to ensure stability as the heat within the X-ray tube increases. – a low current flows through the filament to warm it and prepare it for the big thermal jolt necessary for x-ray production.

Back 23

Focusing cup

Front 24

Focusing cup is made of?

Back 24

molybdenum or nickel

Front 25

-the positive part of the X-ray tube – contains a target that is made from solid tungsten-rhenium

Back 25

Anode

Front 26

There are two types of X-ray tube anodes:

Back 26

Rotating anode

Stationary anode

Front 27

A type of anode that are used in dental x-ray and some portable x-ray machine where high tube current and power are not required.

Back 27

Stationary anode

Front 28

• is used in machines that can produce a high output

Back 28

Rotating anode

Front 29

• The ______ allows the electron beam to interact with a much larger target area. • The heat is not confined to a small area.

Back 29

Rotating anode

Front 30

When the electron beam strikes the anode, more than 99% of the kinetic energy is converted to heat.

Back 30

True

Front 31

The anode serves three functions:

Back 31

– It receives the electrons emitted from the cathode. – It is an electrical conductor. – Mechanical support for the target

Front 32

• The control panel : Where the technologist controls the x-ray machine • Where technique selection occurs • Alwayslocated outside the x-ray room

Back 32

Operating console

Front 33

kVp controls the?

Back 33

strength of the beam

Front 34

controls the amount of electrons

Back 34

Milliamperage

Front 35

converts low supply voltage into kilovoltage of the proper waveform.

Back 35

High voltage section

Front 36

the process of converting alternating voltage into direct voltage and therefore converting alternating current into direct current.

Back 36

Rectification

Front 37

unit of electrical potential. The higher the voltage the higher the potential to do work.

Back 37

Volt

Front 38

Attenuation of x-rays depends on:

Back 38

* Atomic no. of tissues – Bone - 74 – Soft tissues - 7 – hydrogen - 1 * Thickness of tissues * Wavelengthof x-ray

Front 39

• responsible for converting the mains voltage supply into a form that is suitable for use in the X-ray machine. • For this reason, the current entering the tube must flow in one direction only.

Back 39

High voltage generator

Front 40

the process of converting alternating voltage into direct voltage and therefore converting alternating current into direct current.

Back 40

Rectifier/ Rectification

Front 41

Types of rectifier

Back 41

• Half wave rectification • Full wave rectification

Front 42

Accessory equipment of an X-ray machine

Back 42

• Collimators • Filters • Grids • Intensifying Screen • Film Holders/Cassettes • Film Markers • Image receptors

Front 43

Functions – Absorb low energy x-rays or soft x-rays from the primary beam • Advantages – Lesser radiation absorbed by the patient and technician

Back 43

Filters

Front 44

Kinds of Filter

Back 44

– Inherent Filters (x-ray tube and tube housing) – Added Filters (Absorber sheet)

Front 45

absorbed low energy radiation from the primary beam as it passes through the x-ray tube and housing – Glass envelope of the x-ray tube – Insulating oil that surroundsthe x-ray tube – Window in the tube housing

Back 45

Inherent Filter

Front 46

materials placed in the primary beam in addition to the inherent filtration. – Aluminum -used for low energy radiation – Copper plus aluminum -for high energy radiation

Back 46

added filter

Front 47

material used for low energy radiation?

Back 47

Aluminium

Front 48

material use for high energy radiation

Back 48

aluminum plus copper

Front 49

flat plate with a series of lead foil strips, absorb scattered radiation (produced mainly by Compton effect) • a sheet of metal from the outside, made up of two very distinct parts: – the lead strips and – radiolucent spaces.

Back 49

Grid

Front 50

Grid is flat plate with a series of lead foil strips, absorb scattered radiation (produced mainly by ________

Back 50

Compton effect

Front 51

Parts of grid

Back 51

– the lead strips and – radiolucent spaces.

Front 52

Types of grid

Back 52

- focused

- parallel

Front 53

Layers of tiny crystals bonded together on a plastic support, that emit light when struck by x-rays.

Back 53

Intensifying screens and cassettes

Front 54

The outer layer of the intensifying screen is the

Back 54

Protective coating

Front 55

Protective coating is made of?

Back 55

acetate

Front 56

The reflective layer is made of either

Back 56

magnesium oxide or titanium dioxide

Front 57

• The ____ is at the back of the intensifying screen. • It acts as a support forthe screen.

Back 57

Base

Front 58

Base is made of

Back 58

high grade cardboard or polyester

Front 59

This is the layer that is active.

It contains a layer of tiny phosphor crystals suspended in a binder of polyurethane.

Back 59

Fluorescent phosphor layer

Front 60

contains the screens and film of choice.

Back 60

Cassettes

Front 61

Front of cassette is made of

Back 61

carbon or plastic fiber

Front 62

Non screen type Cassette

Back 62

• Cardboard/plastic • low cost • greater exposure • disposable • film unprotected from light

Front 63

Screen type Cassette Type

Back 63

• Rigid cassettes • expensive • less exposure • Re-useable/kept clean • protectsfilm from light

Front 64

Basic Info in a radiograph

Back 64

Name of hospital

Date of radiography

Patient ID (name, sex, age, breed)

Front 65

Markers

Back 65

• Lead markers – numbers or letters • Lead blockers • Lead impregnated tape

Front 66

They serve to hold the film safe from any damage

Back 66

Film cassette

Front 67

Tube movemet

Back 67

Longitudinal Transverse Vertical Angling or Rolling Rotating Telescoping

Front 68

Other Radiographic Facilities

Back 68

• Radiograph View Box • Dark Room and Developing Tank • Film Hangers • Safety light • Films and Developing solution

Front 69

PROCESSING ROOM

Back 69

Film Screen Image Production Digital Image Production

Front 70

permanent record of image, by film or by computerstorage

Back 70

Radiograph

Front 71

The most common errors made in radiography of animals are related to the?

Back 71

Film processing or Processing or radiographic film

Front 72

_______ works on the same principle as manual processing that it is carried out by a machine with a series of rollers and the dry to dry time is usually much quicker than with manual processing.

Back 72

Automatic Processing

Front 73

Converts undeveloped silver halide crystals on the film into a soluble compound.

Back 73

Fixing

Front 74

___ clears undeveloped, unexposed silver crystals from the film. This leavesthe silver as a permanentimage on the film.

Back 74

Fixers

Front 75

• To remove excess chemicals and any residual silver halide still on the film. • Processed by hand, they should wash for 30 to 40 minutes.

Back 75

Final wash

Front 76

Interpretation VS Diagnosis

Back 76

Interpretation refers to an explanation of what is viewed on a radiograph while diagnosis refers to the identification of disease by examination or analysis

Front 77

Radiographic interpretation process

Back 77

• Detection • Description • Deviation from Normal • Disease or Differentials.

Front 78

Radiographic contrastis affected by differences

Back 78

• thickness, • physical density • atomic number • x-ray beam energy.

Front 79

5 Basic Radiographic Opacities

Back 79

1. air(or gas) opacity 2. fat opacity 3. water (or soft tissue) opacity 4. Bone (or mineral) opacity 5. metal opacity.

Front 80

Swells the emusion to permit subsequent chemical penetration

Back 80

wetting

Front 81

produces visible image from the latent image

Back 81

developing

Front 82

Terminates development

Back 82

rinsing in stop bath

Front 83

removes wter and prepares radiograph for viewing

Back 83

Drying