Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
63 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
multiple sclerosis
|
progressive disease that destroys patches of myelin in the brain and spinal chord
disrupts signals in cns leads to sensory disorders and weakened muscles periods of relapse and remission numbness, pain, disturbed vision, muscle weakness/paralysis -unbalanced, slurred speech, bladder inctinence, fatigue, depression autoimmune-immune system attacks myelin sheaths-interferes with conduction of signals lymphocytes attack myelin inflammation attacks axon itself. can identify by looking for MS specific antibodies in cerebrospinal fluid mri to look for lesions anti inflammatory, interferon s and glatiramer acetate act to control immune system mtoxantrone |
|
bacteria abundant in intestines but not stomach
|
secretion of parietal cells kill bacteria in stomach
|
|
somatic motor neuron carries
|
motor commands to skeletal musculature
|
|
difference btw cuboidal epithelia cell of proximal verses epithelial cell of distal convoluted tubules is
|
proximal tubule cells have long microvilli that are fewer than or absent from distal tubules
|
|
ganglia
|
are groups of neuron cell bodies
|
|
unicate fits
|
are imagiary smells
primary olfactory cortex is in uncinate region of cerebrum may result from irritation of olfactory pathway by brain surgery or head trauma can be olfactory auras experienced before seizures |
|
an aneurysm
|
-sac like widening of outpocketing of an artery
-risk of vessel rupturing -can be from congenital weakness of artery wall or from gradual weakening by hypertension or arteriosclerosis -common site is abdominal aorta and arteries to brain and kidney -more common in men -if detected before rupture by palpation, ultrasound, or CT treated by: -replacing affected section with synthetic graft or placing a strong walled tube inside part |
|
if bile can't be secreted can't digest
|
lipids
|
|
emphysema
|
-permanent enlargement of alveoli
-caused by deterioration of alveolar walls -caused by smoking-related chronic inflammation of lungs and increased activity of lung macrophages whose lysosomal enzymes seem responsible for destroying alveolar walls and breaking down elastin -chronic inflammation also leads to fibrosis and lungs become less elastic -difficult becomes difficult and exhausting -bronchioles open during inhalation, colapse during expiration trapping a lot of air in alveoli -enlarges lung leads to barrel chest that flattens diaphram and decreases ventilatory efficiency -forces right ventricle to enlarge through overwork -treated with bronchodilators and anti inflam drugs -lung volume reduction surgery-part of lung removed and gives remaining lung room to grow, not for severe |
|
increase in permeability of collecting tubule cells to water due to
|
an increase in production of ADH
|
|
Angina pectoris
|
-term for pain caused by deficient blood delivery to heart wall
-heart muscle cells weaken but don't die -symptom of CAD or coronary artery disease -direct result from tissue hypoxia or stress induced spasms of atheroclerotic coronary arteries -occur during exercise when vigoriously contracting heart may demand more o2 than can provide |
|
Atherosclerosis
|
accumulation of fatty deposits in inner lining of body's arteries and blocks blood flow through arteries.
Atherosclerosis of coronary arteries lead to C.A.D |
|
prolonged atherosclerosis of coronary artery
|
myocardial infarction or heart attack when cardiac muscles die
sharp pain in chest kill directly by severe heart weaking of indirectly by heart rhythm disruptions caused by damage to conducting system -cardiac muscle doesnt have satellite cells so don't really regenerate-heart attack damage irreversible |
|
silent ischemia
|
blood flow to heart interupted without pain
|
|
Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis
|
inflammatory bowel disease
-noncontagious -periodic inflammation of intestinal wall -characterized by chronic leukocyte infiltration of wall -symptoms: cramping, diarrhea, weight loss, intestinal bleeding -sub type of inflammatory bowel disease is Crohn's disease: -deep ulcers and fissures in entire intestine but mainly in terminal ileum Ulceratitve colitis other sub type -shallow inflammation of mucosa of large intestine mainly rectum -all due to abormal immune and inflammatory response to bacterial antigens -special diet low in fiber and dairy -reduced stress, antibiotics and anti inflam and immunosuppressants |
|
chief cells secrete
|
pepsinogen
|
|
common theme to development of atherosclerosis
|
an inflammatory response to damaged endothelium
|
|
large intestine-
|
-contains abundant bacterial flora
-includes ascending, transverse, and descending colon -absorbs much of water and salts remaining in wastes -NOT main site of nutrient absorption |
|
why can corneas be transplanted without fear of rejection
look up more on this |
bc no blood supply
|
|
nasal cavities
look up more |
warm air
|
|
vessel in fetus connecting pulmonary trunk to aortic arch so most blood bypasses immature lungs
|
ductus arteriosus
|
|
stenosis
|
when valves become stiffened by calcium deposits
|
|
MITRAL VALVES
|
left side of the heart, therefore take in very oxygen rich blood.
therefore stenosis here would result in buildup in pulmonary circuit |
|
tricuspid valve
|
blood coming from body that is low in oxygen
|
|
macrophages of the CNS
|
microglial
|
|
what makes the myelin sheath in CNS? in PNS?
|
In CNS-oligondendrocytes
In PNS- schwann cells |
|
Pericardium
|
triple layered sac that encloses the heart-has outer fibrous of strong dense connective tissue, a pericardial cavity and the epicardium which is on top of the myocardium
-epithelial cells lining cavity secrete lubricating serous fluid that reduces friction between beating heart and outer sac |
|
Pericarditis and Cardiac Tamponade
|
-infection and inflammation of the pericardium is PERICARDITIS.
-rouphens serous lining-causes friction and creaking sound when heart beats -pericarditis characterized by pain behind sternum -over time adhesions of heart to outer pericardial wall or pericardium can scar and inhibit heart movements SEVERE CASES fluid from inflammation exudes into pericardial cavity-fibrous pericardium thick so fluid compresses heart -can't pump-called CARDIAC TAMPONADE treated by inserting needle and draining fluid, -also when blood accumulates like when stabbed |
|
structure of blood vessel walls
|
walls of blood vessels have three distinct layers or tunics
tunica intima, tunica media, and tunica externa that surround the lumen |
|
tunica intima-
|
innermost, closest to lumen-"intimate contact with blood"
-contains endothelium-simple squamous -these flat endothelial cells form smooth surface that minimizes friction of blood moving across some larger vessels also have thin loose connective tissue called subendothelial layer just external to endothelium. |
|
tunica media
|
middle layer
-primarily circularly arranged sheets of smooth muscle fibers and in between are elastin and collagen fibers -contraction of smooth muscle decreases diameter called vasoconstriction -relaxation vasodilation -elastin and collagen give strength and flexibility -vasodilation and constriction controlled by vasometer nerve fibers -tunica media thicker in arteries than in veins bc arteries function to maintain blood pressure |
|
tunica externa or tunica adventitia
|
layer of connective tissue that contains many collagen and elastic fibers
-cells and fibers run longitudinally -protects vessels, further strengthens and anchors vesssels to surrounding structueres |
|
ventricular fibrilation
|
ventricles are unable to pump blood into arteries because random rapid firing of electrical impulses within ventricular cardiac muscle prevents coordinated contraction
like quivering bag of worms -results from crippled conducting system and most common in cardiac arrest and sudden death in patients damaged by coronary artery disease |
|
semilunar valves are located between
|
ventricles and great arteries
|
|
vagus nerve parasympathetic fibers effect
|
slow the heartbeat
|
|
pulmonary veins carry _blood into _
|
carry oxygen rich bloods into left atria/ventricle
|
|
superior and inferior vena cavae, as well as the coronary sinus carry _blood into the _
|
oxygen poor blood into right ventricle
|
|
Meniere's syndrome
|
membranous labyrith distorted by excess amt. of dolymph
-disturbed equilibrium that results in vertigo -nausea, vomiting and ringing in ears that can ultimately result in hearing loss -treated with antimotion drugs may need diuretics is severe -restrict dietary intake of salt decrease excess fluid surgery to drain or removal of labyrinth |
|
during embryonic development retina develops from
|
an outpocketing of the diencephalon
|
|
Pinna
|
or auricle shell shaped projection that amplifies sound
|
|
cataracts
|
clouding of lense
-distortion frost -can be age or congenital -can be from excess sun, smoking, or meds like steroids, long term aspirin or tamoxifen -inadequate delivery of nutrients to deep fibers -can be surgically remode and replaced with artificial lens |
|
macula
|
-spot of sensory epithelium,
-receptor cells that monitor position of head-measure balance called static equilibrium -otoliths are tips of stiff hair -otoliths horizontal, when head tilts heavy otoliths pull down, bending receptor hairs and signal vestibular nerve to tell brain head tilted or vertical still tell what position. signal brain |
|
pudendal nerve
|
innervates muscles and skin of perineum , helps stimulate erection, responsible for defecation of urine
block pain in perineum during childbirth or for surgery of anal and genital regions |
|
cristae-
|
contains receptors for rotational equilibrium
|
|
sympathetic
|
excites things (bc sympathetic to help you deal with things)
|
|
parasympatheitc
|
takes things down back to before
|
|
nodes of ranvier
|
space between myelin sheaths made of schwann cells in the PNS
|
|
migraines result of
|
inappropriate activity of trigeminal nerve
|
|
medulla
|
controls heart rate, respiration, and blood vessels
|
|
Alzheimers
|
-degenerization of brain that results in dymensia
--mental defects, loss of memory, short attention, depression, disorientation -worsens progressively until hallucinations -accumulation of protein plaques around neurons probz caused by APP |
|
cell bodies of sensory neurons of spinal chord locatied in
|
dorsal root ganglia
|
|
Tic Douloureux
|
-extreme pain with slight touch of face
-contsriction of the trigeminal nerve by blood vessel trigeminal nerve is main face nerve not fatal but dehibilitating |
|
rhombecephalon
|
part of the hind brain
|
|
Pyelonephritis
|
-infetion of renal pelvis and calices called pyelitis
-inflammation of renal pelvis -spreads oto whole kidney becoming Pyelonephritis -results from spred of e.coli from anal region through urinary tract also occurs when bloodbourne bacteria lodge in kidneys and proliferate -kidney can swell and scar -abcesses form and pelvis fills with pus -treated with antibiotics |
|
dyskinesia
|
degeneration of basal ganglia
Parkinson's and Huntingtons" 1.Parkinsons- -slow jerky movements, tremors, muscle rigidity, difficulty starting voluntary movements -degeneration in the midbrain that would normal inhibits basal ganglia -ultimate cause unknown 2. Huntington's -overstimulation of motor activities -limbs jerk uncontrollably -degenration of corpus striatum and then cerebral cortex -inherited, don't know what genetic defect |
|
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
|
Lou Gehrig's disease
muscle degeneration degeneration of pyramidal tracts-muscles waste away as tracts deteriorate scar tissue hardens in weakness begins in hands, difficulty swallowing speaking after age fourty relentless and always fatal, die within 3yrs intensive care extends life cause unclear may result from excess of glutamate over stimulates then kills neurons |
|
myelomeningcoele
|
a product of cystic fibrosis
cystic fibrosis when meringes around spinal chord inflate into baglike cyst. when spinal chord enters into cyst result is a myelomingcoele |
|
Phlebitis
|
inflamation of a vein, painful throbbing and redness of skin
often bc of bacterian infection or local physical trauma |
|
hyperopia
|
farsightednedness
when eye short, can see far but not near Presbyopia-middle age-lens thickens cant see near |
|
myopia
|
near sighted
shape of eye changes cant see far |
|
tinnitus
|
ringing, whistiling, humming coming from with ears
phantom cochlea noise caused by destruction of some neurons along auditory pathway treatment masking noise bio feedback |
|
pneumothorax
|
lungs collapse as air enters
air breaks seal of pleural fluid that holds lung to thoracic wall chest trauma or overexertion raises intrathoracic pressure lung pops like a blown up paper bag surgically closed |
|
diverticulosis
|
formation of multiple sacs bc of pressure that colon inserts on wall bc of low fiber diet
leads to dull pain and may rupture and cause anal bleeding |