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269 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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______ - strong flexible rod; runs the length of an organism on dorsal side; often replaces by vertebral column
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notochord
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_______ - hollow tube; develops into brain and spinal cord
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dorsal nerve cord
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________ - paired openings in the wall of the pharynx
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gill slits
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_______ - internal skeleton made of cartilage or bone
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endoskeleton
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Class ______ jawless fish, cartilage
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Agantha
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Examples of fish: Class Agantha
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lamprey, hagfish
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Class ___________ - cartilage fish
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Chondrichthyes
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Examples of fish: Chondrichthyes
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sharks, rays
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Class ________ - bony fish
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Osteichthyes
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Examples of osteichthyes
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common fish - bass trout
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What are the six adaptations fish have to live in water?
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streamline shape, paired fins, mucus, scales, gills, kidneys, lateral line system
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__________ - allows fish to move rapidly through water
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streamline shape
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_______ - allow fish to maneuver through water
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paired fins
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________ - secreted in fish to reduce friction, protects against microorganisms
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mucus
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________ - limits water loss/gain; protection of fish
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scales
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_________ - external/internal respiratory organ of fish. removes O and releases CO
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gills
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________ - filter blood of fish and help regulate amount of salt in body
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kidneys
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_________ - sensory structure of fish, runs length of body on each side, detects vibrations in water
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lateral line system
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Lamprey has a filelike tongue with disc shaped mouth for attaching to prey by _______.
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suction
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_____________ - sharkskin, feels like sand paper. May create turbulence in water and improve swimming efficiency
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placoid scales
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_________ - grow in rows, when they break or grow old, a replacement move forward
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teeth
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Chondrichthyes may use over more than ______ teeth over a lifetime
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20,000.
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_________ - chondrichthyes sense of smell is acute, specialized nerve cells
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olfactory bulb
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__________ - covering of the side of the head, protects gills of Osteichthyes
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operculum
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________ - produces bile
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liver
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________ - breaks down fats
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bile
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The liver stores _______ for energy and secretes enzymes.
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sugar
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Food passes from the _______ to the ____ to the ________ to the ______.
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mouth, pharynx, esophogus, stomach
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The intestines have fingerlike extensions called _____.
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villi
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Fish have a ___ chambered heart.
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2
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The 2 chambers of a fish's heart, are one_______ and one ________.
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atrium, ventricle
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A fish's circulatory system is _______.
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closed
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________ - carry blood away from the heart
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arteries
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_________ - connect arteries to veins
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capillaries
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______ - carry blood back to heart
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veins
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The gills are located and protected by the ___________.
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operculum
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The blood flow in a fish is ___________; meaning it allows more oxygen to diffuse into the gills.
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countercurrent
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The __________ contains a mixture of gasses that help the fish adjust their depth in the water.
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swim bladder
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The brain of a fish has ___ major organs; _______, ______, _____, _____, ______
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5; optic lobe, cerebrum, medulla oblongata, cerebellum, olfactory bulb
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________ - receives information from sense organs and coordinates other areas of the brain, intelligence
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cerebrum
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______ - visual, lateral line system control
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optic lobe
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_______ - hindbrain, coordinates muscular movement and balance
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cerebellum
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______ _______ - regulates internal organs, acts as a relay station
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medulla oblongata
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__________ ______ - interprets smell
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olfactory bulb
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Amphibia means " ______ - ____"
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double life
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Name 3 opportunities leading to movement of animals on land.
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1. food and space were limited
2. escape predation and competition 3. resources on land were abundant |
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Scientists infer amphibians evolved from ________ fish.
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lobe-finned
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THe bones in the ____ of the fish are similar to the bones in the limb of an amphibian.
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fin
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Some amphibians have ______ like those of fish.
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gills
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Amphibians live in _______ water.
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shallow
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Amphibians are ____ blooded.
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cold
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Amphibians temperatures _____ and ____ with the changing enviroment
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rise and fall
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Periods of inactivity in which amphibians enter a state of dormancy is known as ______________ or _________.
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hybernation or estavation
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Most amphibians change from an aquatic larve to a terrestrial adult - called _________________.
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metamorphosis
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Amphibians have ______ skin with no ________
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moist, scales
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Amohibians use ______, _____, and ____ for respiration.
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gills, lungs, skin
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Tadpoles have ___ chambered hearts, adults have ___.
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2, 3
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Eggs of amphibians do not have ________ Eggs are laid in ________ and fertilized __________.
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shells, water, externally
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Most adult frogs loose their gills during _____________.
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metamorphosis
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Wastes from the kidney bladder and eggs/sperm passes into the ________ of an amphibiand and exits the body through the ______.
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cloaca, anus
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________ produces bile, which aids in digestion of ____.
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liver, fats
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Bile is stored in the ____ _________.
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gall bladder
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A gland in the _________ secretes enzymes that helps break down foods.
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pancreas
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An amphibians' brain us about the same size as that of a _____
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fish
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__________ ________ - transparent eye covering, protects and keeps eye moist
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nicotating membrane
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________ _________ - eardrum, flat membrane, frog's ears
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tympanic membrane
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On land, the most famous and spectacular reptiles, the _______, appeared and evolved from a variety of forms.
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dinosaur
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Reptiles produce an ______ egg, which encases the embryo.
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amniotic
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Repties have an egg protected by a _______ shell.
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leathery
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Fertilization of a reptiles' eggs are _________.
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internal
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Why are the fertilization of reptiles' eggs internal?
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because sperm cannot penetrate the outer covering of the egg
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______ - thin membrane that holds the fluids in the shell so that they dont seep out
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amnion
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________ - provides nutrients for the embryo
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yolk
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_________ - stores nitrogenous wastes, serves as a lung in egg
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allantois
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_________ - provides protein and water for the embryo
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Albumen
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_____ - provides protection, allows gases to pass through
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shell
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________ - stringy material holding the embryo in place
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Chalaza
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The skin of a reptile is dry and covered with ___________.
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thick scales
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A reptile's thick scales are made of _______.
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keratin
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A reptile's scales are waterproof and prevent
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waterloss
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A reptile's scales protect against
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infection, injuries, life on land
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Reptiles have a ___ chambered heart. ___ atria and ___ ventricle
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3,2,1
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Respiration through a reptile's lungs, contains small air sacs called _______.
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alvioli
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Longs in snakes have larger surfaces areas because of _____ ___________.
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gas exchange
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Snakes normally have ___ long lung that functions.
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1
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The _____ of a reptile is about the same as that of an amphibian, but the __________ is much larger.
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brain, cerebrum
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Snakes smell that air with flicks of their forked ______.
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tongue
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The tongue of a snake transfers chemicals to two pits in the roof of the mouth called ______________ _________.
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Jacobson's Organs
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________________ is the control of body temperature
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thermoregulation
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____________ - regulate temperature by absorbing heat from the enviroment
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Ectotherm
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_________ - regulates heat internally
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endotherm
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Some snakes inject their prey with a toxic _____.
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venom
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Snakes that are _________ wrap their body around their prey to squeeze and kill it.
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constrictors
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Snakes are carnivores and eat ____________.
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infrequently
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Snakes usually at large meals and swallow their prey _____.
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whole
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A snake's jaws are ______.
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hinged
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A snake's mouth can open to an angle of _____.
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130 degrees
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The skin of a snake cannot grow, and must be _____ as the snake increases in size.
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molted
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Mammals are ___________ (warm-blooded)
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endothermic
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Mammals have ____ which help prevent heat loss.
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hair
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The mammalian heart has ____ chambers.
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four
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Females secrete ____ from _______ glands to feed young
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milk, mammary
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Mammals have specialized _____ or a variety of functions.
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teeth
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__________ - lay their eggs and incubate them (platypus, anteater)
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monotremes
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________ - pouched mammals, bear tiny premature young, leave the mother's uterus, and crawl up to pouch to complete development
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marsupials
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_________ mammals carry unborn young in the uterus until they are developed.
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placental
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the ___________ and _________ blood never mix in mammals
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oxygenated and deoxygenated
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Mammals have _________ and a muscular _________ that aids in breathing
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lungs, diaphram
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_________ - bite and cut, chisel like
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incisors
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_______ - grip, puncture, and tear
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canines
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________ - shred and shear
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premolars
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Flattened teeth called ______ grind and crush
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premolars
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Mammals have a complex brain with and enlarged _______.
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cerebrum
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Hte _______ ____ regulates internal organs and acts as a relay station to the brain .
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medulla oblongata
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____ are the only group of mammals that can fly. They fly at night by using ______________.
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bats, echolocation
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The ________ lies within the uterus and is rich in blood.
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placenta
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____________ and ______ are transferred from the mother's blood to the baby through the _______________ cord.
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nourishment, oxygen, umbilical cord
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Rodents have 2 pairs of _________ which continue to grow as long as they live.
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incisors
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Anteaters are completely _________.
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toothless
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Armadillos have teeth but they lack ______ and there teeth are _______.
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enamel, peglike
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Order insectivore are adapted to life _____,___m ___,___
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in trees, water, on ground, and underground
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Examples of order insectivora
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moles, hedgehogs, shrews
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Humans belong to the order ________.
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primates
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Primates have enlarged _______ for complexity.
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brains
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__________ are mammals with hooves.
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ungulates
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Most ungulates have ________ that are large and flat.
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molars
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Ungulates have a large storage section in their stomach called a _____, where bacteria and organisms break down _________.
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rumen, cellulose
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The order _______ includes whales and dolphins.
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cetacea
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Cetacea have fishlike bodies with forelimbs modified as ________.
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flippers
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________ resemble whales, but are more closely related to elephants.
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manatees
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There are two species of elephants left today: _________ and ________.
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African and Asian
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________ have the longest gestation period of any other animals.
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elephants
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It take _________ for an elephant to develop.
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20 months
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_____ are the most recently evolved group of vertebrates.
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birds
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A bird's body is covered with ________ which are composed of ______.
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feathers, keratin
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The ________ of a bird is very light and thin and hollow.
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skeleton
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Birds are endothermic or ectothermic?
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endothermic
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A rapid metabolism requires an abundant supply of ______. (birds)
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oxygen
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Lungs of a bird are connected to several ___-_____ which ensure oxygen rich blood is always in the lungs.
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air pacs
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Amniotic bird eggs are encased in a hard ________ -________.
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calcium shell
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Eggs are _________ in a nest.
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incubated
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_______ feathers - cover the body, insulate against heat loss, obvious in newborn birds
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down
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______ feathers - gives the bird its streamlined shape, provide color
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Contour
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_____ feathers - help the bird to life, balance, and steer in the air
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quill
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Birds rub their feathers with ___ to waterproof them.
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oil
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The gland in a bird used to rub themselves with oil is called a _____ _____.
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preen gland
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The keel shaped _______ supports the large breast muscle of the bird.
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sternum
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The breast muscle, used for flight, accounts for almost ___% of the body weight of some birds.
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50
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Because birds have no _____, they cannot chew their food.
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teeth
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A bird's ____ stores and moistens their food.
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crop
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The _______ breaks and crushes the food.
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gizzard
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Two _______ filter nitrogenous waste from the blood of a bird.
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kidneys
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Bird droppings are a mixture of _____ and ____ _____.
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feces, uric acid
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A pasty wastes exists a bird's body through the _______.
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cloaca
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IN addition to lungs, birds have ____ air sacs which allow them to inhale a large volume of air.
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nine
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Air enters the bird through _____ _____ located near the base of the beak.
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paired nostrils
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Birds have a ___ chambered heart.
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four
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Female birds lay eggs in a nest and _______ them to keep them warm.
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incubate
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A bird sits on the egg and covers them with a thickened ________ patch of skin on the abdomen called the ______ _______
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featherless, brood patch
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A bird's _________ coordiantes moovement
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cerebellum
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A bird's _______ controls large complex behaviors
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cerebrum
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A bird's ____ ______ controls vision.
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optic lobe
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What are the three main parts of a birds brain?
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cerebellum, cerebrum, and optic lobe
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What are the three types of bird feathers?
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down, contour, quill
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___________ - scientist who studies birds
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omithologist
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What two things can you infer by looking at a bird's feet>
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habitat and type of food it eats
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Protists are eukaryotes or prokaryotes?
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eukaryotes
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Are protists heterotrophic or autotrophic?
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most are heterotrophic but some are autotrophic
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Protists can live _________ or __________
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free living or parasitic
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Protists are microscopic and ________.
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unicellular
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Amoebas are bottom dwelling ___________ that feed on decaying matter in the water
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scavengers.
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Ameobas use ___________, which are cytoplasmic extensions that funtion in movement.
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pseudopodia
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Amoebas will surround their food with their pseudopodia and engulf the food by ______________.
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phagocytosis
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Amoebas reproduce _________ by __________________
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asexually by binary fission
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Paramecium move by means of _______ which are short hairlike projections used for movement and acquiring food.
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cilia
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The cilia on paramecium sweep food into the ____ _____ and into the _____ ____ of the paramecium
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oral groove, mouth pore
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paramecium reproduce by ______ _______ but some reproduce by __________
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binary fission, conjugation
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_________ is the relationship between different species living in close association with one another.
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symbiotic
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_______________ live in the digestive tract of termites.
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trichonympha
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Trychonmypha can break down _________ in the cell wall of plants and utilize _______ for energy.
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cellulose, glucose
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___________ ________ _________ is a disease in humans transmitted by the tsetse fly.
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African sleeping sickness
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________ "________ _________" is carried by muskrats and beavers, transmitted when a human drinks contaminated water.
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Giardia "Hiker's Diarrhea"
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_________ is carried by an infected moquito.
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malaria
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____________ is a small unicellular green algae protist common in soil, fresh water, and streams.
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chlamydomonas
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_________ are green algae protists that live in large round colonies
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volvox
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_______ are golden brown algae. The walls contain shells that never decompose when the animal dies.
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diatoms
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Diatom shells sink and form a layer of material called _________ ____.
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diatomaceous earth
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___________ are bioluminescent algae.
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dinoflagellates
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Dinoflagellates produce ___ _____ which are large populations of dinoflagellates called _____ ______.
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red tide, algal blooms
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Movement in Euglena are propelled by long _________.
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flagellum
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Euglena contain __________, but are not completely autotrophic.
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chlorophyll
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Euglenas have an _________ that function as a light detector.
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eyespot
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_____ - animal like plankton
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zooplankton
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_________ - plant like plankton
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phytoplankton
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________ _____ - pumps H20 out so cell does not burst
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contractile vacuole
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Animals cannot digest ________.
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cellulose
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Give the 5 cycles of plasmodium
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1. infected mosquito bites human
2. plasmodium travels to live 3. plasmodium matures and multiplies 4. plasmodium enters blood stream 5. plasmodium attacks blood cells which eventually burst |
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________ - dry cold weather, permafrost, freezing temperatures bc of snow, WAY north
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Tundra
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Where do caribou, musk ox, snow owl, bolar bear, and artic fox live?
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Tundra
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_______ - cool, long winter, soil low in nutrients, high in acid, rocky
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Taiga
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Where do minx, rabbit, bobcat, lynx, and wolverine live?
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Taiga
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_______ - seasonal, high humidity, below freezing winters, moist soil
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Deciduous
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Where do black bears, possums, coyotes, raccons, and squirrels live?
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Deciduous
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_________ - dry, warm, plains, moist, humid, summer,
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Grassland
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Where do deer, bison, zebra, rabit, and rhino live?
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Grassland
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______ - soil with low concentration, fine or rocky, hot during day and cold at night
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desert
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Where do owls, lizards, tortoises, and bobcats live?
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desert
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_______ -life, humid, rain, exotic,
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rainforest
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Where do lemur, spider monkey, sloth, toucan live?
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rainforest
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_____ - water, varied rainfall, marine and freshwater
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Aquatic
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Where do fish, seahorse, clams, sharks, oysters, plankton live?
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Aquatic
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_________ are animals without a backbone.
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Invertebrates
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About __% of animals are invertebrates.
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95
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One common way to identify animal shapes is by _______, or the arrangement of body parts around a point.
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symmetry
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___________ - no definite shape or symmetry
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asymmetrical
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_________ symmetry - shaped like a ball or globe
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spherical
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______ symmetry - many planes can divide the organism into similar parts
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radial
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________ symmetry - organism can be divided in half along the longitudinal axis
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bilateral
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_______ front end or head end
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anterior
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_________ - hind or tail end
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posterior
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________ - top (or back) of organism
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dorsal
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_______ - bottom (or chest) of organism
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ventral
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__________ - animals that have nerve tissue and sensory organs concentrated in the anterior or head area
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Cephalization
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The size of the cell is limited by the ratio of its ________ to volume.
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surface area
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The ratio of surface area to volume of the size of a cell must be high enough to allow ________ and _____ to enter the cell and ________ to get out
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oxygen, nutrients, wastes
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The cells of multicellular organisms are _______ for a particular function.
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specialized
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In sexual reproduction, development begins with a fertilized ______.
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zygote
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The zygote forms an _______, which forms smaller cells. Soon a hollow sphere of cells called a blastula forms.
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embryo, blastula
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When will differentiation take place?
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during gasturlization
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During development, ____ _____ form and will become differentiated or specific tissue types.
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germ layers
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The cells on the outside form the ________, or the outside skin of the organism.
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ectoderm
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The middle layer, the ________will form the muscles and other internal linings.
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mesoderm
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The cells on the inside form the ______, or the inner gut lining of the developing organism.
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endoderm
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Porifera means ____ _________
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pore bearer
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Porifera are _______ which means that they do not move and that they attach themselves firmly to a surface.
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sessile
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___ _____ - in the sponge, cilia filter feed plankton out of water and flagellum whip water out
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collar cell
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________ - where water pours out of the body of the cell
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osculum
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_________ - where water moves into a sponge through these
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pore cells
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_______ - looks like shards of glass... protection to keep predators from eating and supports sponge
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spicules
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________ - engulfs food captured by collar cell of the sponge.
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amebocyte
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________ - covering surrounding a zygote, protecting against harsh environmental decisions of a sponge
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gemmules
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________ - fragment of original parent breaks off and will regrow
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fragmentation
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_________ - the part of the sponge that tore off, will regrow on the original
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regeneration
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_______ - a little bulge grows and sprouts creating a new piece on the sponge
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budding
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_____ - planted animal that develops a mouth and tentacles at the unattached end
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polyp
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______ are small polyps, most of which live in colonies.
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corals
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Certain algae form ______ _____ with coral.
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symbiotic bonds
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A coral reef depend upon algae as a source of _______ and the algae depend upon the coral to supply _________.
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oxygen, nutrients
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There are three main body types defined by the presence or absence of a body cavity, or ______
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coelom
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____________ - no body cavity, least complex organism
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acoelomates
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_________ - false body cavity
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pseudocoelomate
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_________ - true body cavity
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coelomate
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Organisms with a coelom have complex organ systems that must be held in place with _______.
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membranes
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Flatworms show slight ______________ because ______ and ________ are located in the anterior of the organism
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cephalization, ganglia, eyespots
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Roundworms and other parasitic worms have a _______, or flexible covering to protect them from digestive __________ of the host.
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cuticle, enzymes
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_________ lives in the intestines of pigs, horses, and humans. They food on food passing through the ___________ of their host.
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ascaris, intestines
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The most common roundworm parasite of humans in the US is the ______.
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pinworm
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What are the three main classes of mollusks?
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gastropodia, bivalves, and cephalopodia
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___________ - snails, slugs; largest class; one shell with open circulation
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Gastropodia
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___________ - "two valves" or shells - clams, oysters, scallops, muscular foot
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Bivalves
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______________ - octopus, squid; head-foot; closed circulatory system
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cephalopodia
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Cephalopodia capture prey with _________ and strong suckers; kill and et with sharp beaklike ______
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tentacles, radula
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_______ circulatory system - blood does not circulate entirley within the blood vessels. Instead blood is collected from the _____ or _____.
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open, gills or lungs
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Open circulatory systems are only for slow moving or ________ organisms.
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sessile
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________ circulatory system - blood circulates entirely within blood vessels
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closed
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Closed circulatory system is efficient in rapid and highly ______ animals.
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active
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To move, an earthworm anchors some segments by _____.
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setae
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Contractions of muscles of the earthworm build up fluid pressure within the ______ and pushes the head forward
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coelom
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Most arthropods have segmented bodies and jointed ___________.
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appendages
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