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241 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Dynadic Communication
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Communication between 2 people, as in conversation
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Small Group Communication
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A small number of peope who can see and speak a large audience of unknown people
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Public Speaking
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A speaker delivers a message with a specific purpose to an audience of people who are present during the delivery of the speech
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Feedback
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Listener response to a message
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Goal of Communication
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Shared meaning
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Speech Context
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All of the factors affecting the speech:
-Audience -course assignment -physical setting -occasion -situation |
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Ethnocentrism
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Assuming superior stance saying that your ethnicity or religion is better then others
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Rhetoric
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The practice of oratory
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Invention
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Adapting speech information to the audience in order to make your case
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Arrangement
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Organizing the speech in ways that are best suited to the topic and the audience.
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Style
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the way the speaker uses language to express the speech ideas
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Memory
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The practice of the speech until it can be artfully delivered
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Delivery
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Vocal and nonverbal behavior you use when speaking
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Pre-Preperation Anxiety
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Feeling anxious the minute they know they will be giving a speech
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Preperation Anxiety
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anxiety that arises while preparing for the speech
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Pre-Performance Anxiety
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anxiety while rehersing your speech
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Performance Anxiety
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anxiety just before the speaking begins. This is the most pronunced during the introduction of the speech
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Visualization
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exercise that requires the speaker to close his or her eyes and visualize a series of positive feelings and reactions that will occur on the day of the speech
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Ethics
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the study of moral conduct
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Ethos
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"character"
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Free Speech
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the right to be free from unreasonable constrants on expression
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Fighting Words
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speech that provokes people to violence
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Defamatory statement
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one that politically harms an individual's reputation at work or in the community(slander)
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Values
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our most endearing judgements or standards of what's good and bad in life
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Instrumental Values
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characteristics you value in yourself and others
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Terminal Values
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states of being you consider important and they are desirable ends in themselves(happiness, world peace, etc.)
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Trustworthiness
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combination of honesty and dependability
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Plagiarism
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the passing off of another person's information as ones own
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Paraphrase
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restatement of someone else's ideas, opinions, or theories in the speaker's own words.
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Circular Response
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continual flow, or feedback, between speaker and listener
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Hearing
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the physiological process of hearing sound
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Listening
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the conscious act of recognizing, understanding, and accurately interpresting the messages communicated by others
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Selective Perception
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People pay attention selectively to certain messages and ignore others
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Active listening
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focused, purposeful listening
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Listening distraction
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anything that competes for attention that you are trying to give to something else
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External listening distraction
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anything in the environment:
-noise -movement -light -darkness -heat -cold -etc. |
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Internal listening distraction
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thoughts and feelings, both positive and negative, that intrude on our attention.
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Defensive listening
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occurs when we sense that our attitudes or opinions are being challanged
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Critical thinking
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the ability to evaluate claims based on the basis of well-supported reasons
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Overgeneralizations
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unsupported conclusions
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Either-Or thinking
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thinking that is dominated by just Two(2) choicesl creates false dilemmas that do not in fact exist
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Demographic characteristics
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ratio of male to females; racial and ethnic differences represented in the group; noticeable age variations; out of state or out of the country
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Specific Purpose
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explicit statement, stated as a declarative sentence, of what you expect the speech to accumplish for the audience
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Thesis Statement
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clearly expresses the central idea of your speech in a single idea
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Main Points
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Primary pieces of knowledge(in an informative speech) or the key arguements in favor of your position(in a persuasive speech) that you want your audience to understand
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Introduction
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introduce the topic and the speaker and alert the audience members of your specific speech purpose
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Speech Body
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contains the speech's main points and subpoints, which support the speech's thesis
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Conclusion
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restates the speech purpose and reiteriates how the main points confirm it
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Coordinate points
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points that are of equal importance and are indicated by their parallel alignment in an outline
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Subordinate points
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points that are given less weight than the main points they support and are identified in outlines by their placement to the right of the points they support
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Working Outline
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contains points stated in complete sentances
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Speaking Outlines
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far briefer then working outlines and are usually prepared using short phrases or key words.
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Vocal Delivery
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includes:
-speech volume -rate -pitch -veriety -pronunciation -articulation |
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Effective Delivery
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skillful application of natural conversational behavior in a way that is relaxed, enthusiatic, and direct
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Speaking from a manuscript
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reading a speech verbatim
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Speaking from Memory
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oratory
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Speaking improptu
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speaking on a relatively short notice with little time to prepare
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Speaking extemporaneously
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speaking by preparing well and practicing in advance, giving full attention to all the facets of the speech
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Volume
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the relative loudness of a speaker's voice
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Pitch
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range of sounds from high to low
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Intonation
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what distinguishes a question from a statement
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Speaking rate
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most effective way to hold an audience's attention, as well as to convey the meaning of our speech
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Vocal Fillers
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an unnecessary and undesirable way of covering pauses such as "uh", "hmm", "you know", etc.
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Pauses
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enhance meaning by providing a type of punctuation, emphasizing a point, drawing attention to a key though, or just allowing listeners a moment to contemplate what is being said
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Vocal variety
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using all of the vocal elements, volume, pitch, rate, and pauses, to create an effective delivery
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Pronunciation
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the correct formation of word sounds
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Articulation
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the clarity or forcefulness of with which the sounds are made
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Dialects
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cultural variations on the preferred pronunciation and articulation of its languages
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Mumbling
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slurring words together at a very low level of volume and pitch so that they are barely audible
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Aural channel
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channel of communication that is made up of the vocalizations that form and accompany spoken words
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Paralanguage
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how something is said, not what is said
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Visual Channel
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channel of communication that includes the speaker's physical actions and appearance- facial expressions, gestures, general body movement, physical appearence, dress, and objects held
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Scanning
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moving your gaze from one listener to another and from one section to another, pausing as you do so to gaze briefly at each individual
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"Talking Head"
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a person who remains steadily positioned in one(1) place behind a microphone or podium
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Anecdote
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brief story of interesting, humorous, or real-life incidents
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Rhetoricial questions
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questions that do not invite actual responses. Instead they make their audience think
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Ethical appeal
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clearly establishes your professionalism
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Sign post
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words that alert the audience that your speech is concluding (finally, in conclusion, in summary, etc)
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Style
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specific word choices
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Rhetoric devises
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techniques of language
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Cultural sensitivity
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conscious attempt to be considerate of cultural beliefs, norms, or traditions that are different from your own
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Biased Language
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any language that relies on unfound assumptions, negative descriptions, or stereotypes of a given group's age, class, gender, disability, and geographic, ethnic, racial, or religious characteristics
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Jargon
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specialized language of a given profession
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Concrete language
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specific, tangible, and definate language
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Abstract language
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language that is general or nonspecific
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Simile
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compares one(1) thing to another, using "like" or "as" to do so
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Metaphor
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compares two(2) things, but does so by describing one(1) thing as actually being the other
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Analogy
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an extended metaphor or simile that compares an unfamiliar concept or process to a more familiar one to help the listener understand the unfamiliar one
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Malapropism
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the inadvertant use of a word or phrase in place of one that sounds like it
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Denotative meaning
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meaning of word that is its literal, or dictionary, defination
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Connotative meaning
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meaning of a word that is the special association that different people bring to bear on it
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Voice
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the feature of verbs that indicates the subject's relations to the action
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Hedges
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unnecessary words and phrases that qualify or introduce doubt into statements that should be straightforward
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Alliteration
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the repetition of the same sounds, usually initial constants, in two(2) or more neighboring words or syllables
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Main Points
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express the key ideas and major themes of the speech
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Supporting Points
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represent the supporting material or evidence you have gathered to justify the main points and lead the audience to accept the purpose of the speech
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Coherence
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clarity and logical consistency in a speech
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Coordination and subordination
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the logical placement of ideas relative to their importance to one(1) another
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Transitions
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words, phrases, or sentence that tie the speech ideas together and enable the speaker to move smoothly from one(1) point to the next
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Internal preview
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tells the audinece what to expect next
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Internal summary
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draws together important ideas before proceeding to another speech point
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Topical pattern of arrangement
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when each of the main points of a topic is of equal importance, and when these points can be presented in any order relative to the other main points without changing the message
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Chronological pattern of arrangement
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the arrangement of main points according to their occurence in time relative to each other
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Spatical pattern of arrangement
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used when the purpose of your speech is to describe or explain the physical arrangement of a place, a scene, or an object, logic suggests that the main points be arranged in order of their physical proximity or direction relative to each other
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Cause-effect pattern of arrangement
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used in cause-effect speeches
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Problem-solution pattern of arrangement
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the main points are organized to demonstrate the nature and significance of a problem and then to provide justification for a proposed solution
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Narrative pattern of arrangement
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used in a speech that consists of a story or a series of short stories
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Circle pattern of arrangement
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speaker develops one(1) idea, which leads to another, which leads to a third(3rd), and so forth until he or she arrives back at the speech thesis
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Rhetorical situation
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the overall speech situation
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Informative speech
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increases the audience's understanding and awareness of a topic
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Persuasive speech
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increases the audience's understanding and awareness of a topic
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Special occasion speeches
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includes speeches of introduction, speeches of acceptance, speeches of presentation, roasts and toasts, eulogies, and after-dinner speeches, among others
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Brainstorming
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a problem-solving technique that involves the spontaneous generation of ideas
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Examples
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illistrate, describe, or represent things
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Testimony
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first(1st)hand findings, eyewitness accounts, and opinions by people, both lay and expert
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Expert testimony
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any findings, eyewitness accounts, or opinions by professionals who are trained to evaulate or report on a given topic
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Lay testimony
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testimony by nonexperts
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Facts
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represent documented occurences, including actual events, dates, times, people involved, and places
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Statistics
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summarized data that measure the size or magnitude of something, demonstrate trends, or show relationships
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Descriptive statistics
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statistics that describe things
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Inferential statistics
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statistics that help predict things
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Primary research
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original or first(1st) hand research, such as interviews and surveys conducted by you, the speaker
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Secondary research
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the vast world of information gathered by others
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Vague questions
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questions that don't give the person being interviewed enough to go on
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Leading questions
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questions that encourage, if not force, a certain response and reflect the interviewer's bias
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Loaded questions
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questions that are phrased the reinforce the interviewer's agenda
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Reference librarians
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information specialists who are trained to help you in your search
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Encylopedias
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summarize knowledge that is found in original form elsewhere
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Atlas
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collection of maps, text, and accompying charts and tables
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Fabrication
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making up of information
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Prop
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live or inanimate object
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Model
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three(3)-dimensional, scale-size representation of an object
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Pictures
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two(2)-dimensional representations of people, places, ideas, or objects produced on an opaque backing
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Diagram
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explains how something is constructed or operated
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Map
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representation of a whole or a part of an area on a a flat surface
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Poster
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large, bold, two(2)-dimensional design incorperating words, shapes, and, if desired, color, placed on an opaque backing
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Graph
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represents numerical data in a visual form
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Line Graph
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graph that displays measurement, usually plotted on the horizontal axis, and units of measurement or values, which are plotted on the vertical axis
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Bar Graph
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graph that uses bars of varying lengths to compare quantities or magnitudes
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Chart
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visually organizes complex information into compact form
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Flowchart
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diagram that shows step-by-step progression through a procedure, a relationship, or a process
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Organizational chart
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illustrates the organizational structure or chain of command in an organization
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Table
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systematic grouping of data or numerical information in column form
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Audio clip
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short recording of sounds, music, or speech
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Vide
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includes movie, television, and other recording segements
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Multimedia
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combines several media(stills, sound, video, text, and data) into a single production
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Overhead transparency
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an image on a transparent background that can be viewed by transmitted light, either directly or through a projection onto a screen or a wall
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LCD projector
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comes with an illumination or light source, which eliminates the need for an overhead projector
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Flip chart
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a large pad of paper on which a speaker can illistrate speech points
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Chalkboard
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write on with chalk; lowest tech visual aid
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Handout
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page-size items that convey information that is either impractical to give the audience in another manner or intended to be kept by audience members after the presentation
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Eight by eight rule
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in a PowerPoint, don't use more than eight words in a line and eight lines on a side
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Typeface
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specific style of lettering(Arial, Times New Roman, or Courier)
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Fonts
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sets of sizes and upper and lower case of typeface
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Serif typefaces
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typefaces that include small flourishes, or strokes, at the tops and bottoms of each letter
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Sans serif typefaces
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typefaces that are more block like and linear
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Operational definition
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defines somethnig by describing what it does
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Definition by negation
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defines something by explaining what it is not
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Definition by example
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defines something by providing examples of the subject under discussion
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Definition by synonym
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defines something by comparing it with another term that has equivalent meaning
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Definition by etymology
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defining something by account of the word's history
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Small group
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group consisting of three(3) to twenty(20) people
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Presentational speaking
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reports delivered by individuals or groups within the business or professional environment
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Agenda
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identifies the items to be accomplished during a group meeting
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Interpersonal roles
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styles of interacting in the group
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Counterproductive roles
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negitive interpersonal roles
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Personal-based conflict
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members argue about one(1) another instead of about the issues
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Issues-based conflict
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allows members to test and debate ideas and potential solutions.
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Groupthink
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the tendency to accept information and ideas without subjecting them to critical analysis
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Persuasive speaking
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speech that is intended to influence the attitudes, beliefs, values and acts of others
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Logos
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term that refers to persuasive appeals directed at the audience's reasoning on a topic
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Syllogism
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three(3)-part arguement consisting of a major premise, a minor premise, and a conclusion
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Major premise
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general case
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Minor premise
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specific case
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Enthymeme
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syllogism presented as a probability rather than an absolute, and it states either a major or a minor premise but not both
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Pathos
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appealing to a listener's emotions
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Ethos
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appealing to a listener's moral character
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Expectancy-Outcome Values Theory
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states that each of us consciously evaluates the potential costs and benifits associated with a particular action
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Central processing
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when we are motivated and able to think critically about the content of a message
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Preipheral processing
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when we lack the motivation to pay close attention to the issues
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Speaker credibility
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a speaker's expertise, trustworthiness, speaker similarity , and pyhsical attractiveness
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Audience analysis
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process of gathering and analyzing information about your listeners with the explicit aim of adopting your message to the information you uncover
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Attitudes
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reflect a predisposition to respond to people, ideas, objects, or events in an evaluative way(positive attitude towards reading = like to read
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Beliefs
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the ways in which people perceive reality; our feelings about what is true(I believe God exists)
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Values
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people's most enduring judgements about what's good and bad in life(hardest to change)
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Perspective taking
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seeing things from your listeners' point of view
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Target audience
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those individuals within the broader audience whom you are most likely to infouence in the direction you seek
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Demographics
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statistical characteristics of a given population
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Co-culture
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social communtiy whose perceptions and beliefs differ significantly from yours
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Close-ended questions
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designed to elicit a small range of specific answers supplied by the interviewer
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Fixed-alternative questions
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questions that contain a limitd choice of answers, such as "yes", "no", and "sometimes"
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Scale questions
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questions that measure the responent's level of agreeement or disagreement with specific issues
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Open-ended questions
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designed to allow respondents to elaborate as much as they wish
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Similarities Between Public Speaking and Other Forms of Communication
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-Sensitivity to listeners
-Easy to follow -Believable -Relevant -Interesting -Speaker must be knowledgeable, unbiased, and clear |
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Differences Between Public Speaking and Other Forms of Communication
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-Opportunity for feedback
-Preparation -Degree of Formality |
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Canons of Rhetoric
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-Invention
-Arrangement -Style -Memory -Delivery |
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Things that Cause Anxiety
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-Lack of public speaking experience
-Feeling different from members of the audience -Uneasiness about being the center of attention |
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Types of Anxiety
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-Pre-Preperation
-Preperation -Pre-Performance -Performance |
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Ways to Make Your Anxiety Subside
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-Manage your time wisely
-Focus on research to be familiar with subject -Learn as much about your audience and speech environment as possible |
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Qualities a Speaker Must Have(Creates speaker's ethos)
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-Competence
-Character -Goodwill |
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Types of Speech that are not Protected
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-Fighting words
-Defamatory speech -Reckless disregard for the truth |
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Types of Values
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-Instrumental
-Terminal |
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Things You want to Avoid When Speaking
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-Jargon
-Ethnocentrism -Stereotypes -Hate Speech |
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Responsible Speakers
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-Evaluate usefulness of topic
-Use sound evidence and reasoning -Strive for accuracy -Present speech ethnically |
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Selective Perception
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-We pay attention to what we hold to be important
-We pay attention to information that touches our experiences and backgrounds -We sort and filter new information on the basis of what we already know |
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Barriers to Active Listening
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-Listening distractions
-Scriptwriting and defensive listening -Laziness and overconfidence -Cultural barriers |
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Becoming a More Active Listener
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-Set listening goals
-Listen for main ideas -Watch for the speaker's nonverbal cues |
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Critical Thinkers
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-Evaulate the evidence
-Analyze assumptions and biases -Assess an arguement's logic -Resist false assumptions, overgeneralizations, either-or thinking, and other fallacies in reasoning -Consider multiple perspectives -Summarize and judge |
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Steps in the Speechmaking Process
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-Select a topic
-Analyze the audience -State the speech purposr -Compose a thesis statement -Develop the main points -Gather supporting materials -Seperate the speech in its major parts -Outline the speech -Consider presentation aids -Practice delivering the speech |
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General Purpose of a Speech
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-To inform
-To persuade -To mark a special occasion |
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Major Parts of a Speech
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-Introduction
-Body -Conclusion |
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Methods of Delivery
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-Speaking from a manuscript
-Speaking from memory -Impromptu speaking -Extemporaneous speaing |
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Factors that Determine Speaker's Volume
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-Size of the room and the number of people in the audience
-Whether of not you use a microphone -The level of background noise |
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Functions of Nonverbal Communication in Delivery
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-Clarifying verbal messages
-Facilitating feedback -Establishing relationships between speaker and audience -Establishing speaker credibility |
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Functions of the Introduction
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-Arouse the audience's attention and willingness to listen
-Preview the topic and purpose of the speech -Establish a bond with the audience -Establish the speaker's credibility to address the topic -Motivate the audience to accept the speaker's goals |
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Functions of Conclusions
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-Signal to the audience that the speech is coming to an end and provide closure
-Summarize the key points -Reiterate the thesis or central idea of the speech -Challange the audience to respond |
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Functions of Supporting Material
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-Illustrates or clarifies a point in a speech
-Elaborates on an idea -Substantiates or proves that a statement is correct |
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Information Included in Citing a Source in Bibliography
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-Name of author(s) or editor(s)
-Title of publication -Volume or edition number, if applicable -Name of Publisher -Place of publication -Date and year of publication -Page numbers on which material appears |
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Criteria to use when Evaluating Secondary Resources
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-What is the author's background?
-How credible is the publication? -How reliable is the data, especially the statistical information? -How recent is the reference? |
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Functions of Presentation Aids
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-Help listeners process and retain information
-Promote interest in and motivation -Convey information concisely -Lend a professional image |
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Aids to Comprehension
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-An appropriate organizational pattern
-Skillful use of language -Effective preview statements and transitions, in addition to well-organized introductions and conclusions -Presentation aids |
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Types of Informative Speeches(Speeches about)
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-Objects
-People -Events -Processes -Concepts -Issues |
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Steps for Making Decisions in Groups
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-Identify the problem
-Conduct research and anal ysis -Establish guidelines and criteria -Generate solutions -Select the best solution -Evaluate solutions |
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Making Presentations in Groups
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-Designate a team leader
-Assign roles and tasks -Ensure consistency of delivery -Establish a consistent format Establish transitions between speakers -Rehearse the presentation |
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What do Persuasive Speeches Do?
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-Attempt to influence audience choices
-Limit alternatives -Seek a response |
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Aristotle's Forms of Rhetorical Proof
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-Logos
-Ethos -Pathos |
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Elements of Ethos
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-Good sense
-Moral character -Goodwill |
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Types of Demographics
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-Age
-Ethnic or cultural background -Socioeconomic status -Religion -Political affiliation -Gender |
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Attributes of Socioeconomic Status
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-Income
-Occupation -Education |
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Females and giving speeches
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Females may experience higher anxiety then males at all stages of the speechmaking process
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How many time should you reherse your speech?
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At least 6 times
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What should Critical thinkers be looking for?
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Flaws in arguments that resist claims that have noe supporting evidence
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What is one(1) key to acheving vocal variety?
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Enthusiasm
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How much in percentage should the introduction and conclusion of your speech be comprised of?
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No more then 10 or 15 percent(10-15%) of your entire speech
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What to do when citing testimony?
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Make sure you supply the name and qualifications of the person whose testimony you use, and that you tell your listeners when and where the testimony was offered
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If you use a video in your speech......
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.....make sure it is less than 30 seconds long
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When using presentation aids.........
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.......try to present one major idea per aid
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The principle of continuity dictates that........
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..........you apply the same design decisions you make for one(1) aid to all of the aids you display in a speech
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Use Sans Serif Typeface in.......
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.......headings
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As a public speaker.........
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.........you are accountable to your audience
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Use bold, bright colors in Power Points to...........
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.........emphasize important points
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