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86 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What does SES stand for? |
Socioeconomic status |
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What is the most important predictor of health? |
Socioeconomic status (SES) |
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What is the sense of having control over one's life called? |
Self efficacy |
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What are the 5 stages of the transtheoretical model? |
Precontemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, maintenance/relapse |
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T/F unhealthy behaviors may be maintained and reinforced by aspects of the social environment that are beyond the individuals control? |
T |
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T/F Based on the health belief model, the public health approach to changing behavior would be to convince people that they are vulnerable, that the threat is severe, and that certain actions are effective preventative measure? |
T |
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What model looks at how the social environment, including interpersonal, organizational, community, and public policy factors, supports and maintains unhealthy behaviors? |
Ecological model |
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How does social support protect us against the health effects of stress? |
They act as a buffer, allowing us to vent frustrations and seek their support. |
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What is a pattern described as "numb acceptance of a negative situation so that an individual no longer tries to change that situation for the better because he or she does not expect those efforts to make any difference" called? |
Learned helplessness |
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What type of diseases are the leading causes of death in the U.S.? |
Chronic diseases |
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What type of diseases have a long period of onset? |
Chronic diseases |
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Which type chronic disease is the leading cause of death in the United States? |
Cancer/ cardiovascular disease |
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List 2 factors that contribute to plaque build up in the artery walls? |
Sedentary life, bad nutrition |
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What is considered normal blood pressure? |
120/80 |
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What is considered borderline high blood pressure? |
140/90 |
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What does cancer arise from? |
DNA mutations |
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What is Diabetes? |
The deficiency in ability to metabolize sugar |
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What type of diabetes is the result of insulin production failure? |
Type 1 |
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What type of diabetes is the result of insulin resistant? |
Type 2 |
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What is another name for type 1 diabetes? |
Childhood onset |
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What is an example of a severe complication of diabetes? |
Amputation of extremities |
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How can chronic diseases be contagious? |
The way your friends/family act influence the way you act. If they have an unhealthy lifestyle that has led to a chronic diseases, it is likely you will too. |
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What are the 3 approaches that the government has traditionally taken to promote health behaviors? |
Education, regulation, prohibition |
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List 5 of the top 10 actual causes of death. |
Misuse of alcohol, no physical activity/poor diet, toxic environment, tobacco use, microbial agents |
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What percentage of all cancer deaths are caused by tobacco? What does this mean? |
30%, they are preventable |
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Was typhoid Mary an example of a human reservoir? |
Yes |
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What was typhoid Mary's means of transmission? List one other example of a means of transmission. |
Contaminated water or food (fecal-oral route), saliva (oral-oral route) |
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List 3 things that helped conquer the threat of infectious diseases in the 1960s. |
Immunizations, antibiotics, public health measures |
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What word is used to describe when the U.S. was able to get rid of most infectious diseases? |
Conquered |
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What causes infectious diseases? |
Pathogens |
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What is the infectious agent that causes scarlet fever? |
Streptococcus virus |
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Can typhoid be successfully treated with antibiotics? |
Yes |
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What is an example of a vector? |
A dog with rabies |
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Name 2 diseases that are transmitted by a virus? |
Scarlet fever, tuberculous |
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Name 3 problems in New York in the early 1900s from the documentary that led to higher rates of disease and made it the perfect environment for an epidemic to occur. |
Dense population, low personal hygiene, lack of sanitation |
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What type of disease can be transmitted from person to person? |
Infectious, communicable |
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The 3 weeks after exposure to typhoid fever is called the ____ period. |
Incubation period |
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How was Mary spreading typhoid fever even though she was seemingly healthy? |
She was a healthy carrier. |
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What is a healthy carrier? |
Infected, but not having any symptoms |
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What did the public health officials decide to do with Mary after they found out she was the one spreading typhoid fever? |
Quarantine her to "plague island" |
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Who is responsible for carrying out a quarantine? |
Military |
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How is tuberculosis spread? |
By aerosol |
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List 3 ways you can interrupt the chain of infection. |
Immunizations, hand washing, quarantine |
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T/F an animal capable of transmiting the rabies virus will already exhibit symptoms? |
T |
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T/F vaccines not only keep the individual from contracting the virus, but also makes it harder for the pathogen to find susceptible hosts. |
T |
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What is the nation's most significant health issue? |
Cigarette smoking |
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Which component of tobacco smoke provides the flavor and is also a major source of it's carcinogenicity? |
The tars |
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List 2 diseases caused by smoking. |
Bronchitis, larengitis, lung cancer |
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There has never been a bigger impact on smoking than_____. |
Policy |
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Why is everything in moderation a terrible rule to live by? |
Moderation means something different to everyone. |
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T/F if you have more education then you are more likely to use tobacco? |
F |
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What percentage of cigarettes in America are consumed by individuals with a mental illness? |
44% |
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How likely are persons with a mental illness to smoke compared to persons without a mental illness? |
Persons with mental illness are twice as likely to smoke |
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Since advertising to kids and teens has become increasingly restrictive, who are tobacco companies advertising to now? |
Young adults |
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What is the shift of the leading causes of death from infectious diseases to chronic diseases called? |
Epidemiological transition |
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What does a box lifestyle mean? |
We go from our box house, to our box car, to our box office, and back. |
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How does the box lifestyle contribute to health outcomes? |
Low social contact, very sedentary life, lots of screen time, low physical activity, often accompanied by heavy snacking- all lead to low health. |
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What 3 factors contributed to the growth of the obesity epidemic in the early 1980s? |
Technology in the workplace, screens, fast food boom |
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Why are construction workers overweight? |
No longer a hard manual labor job due to machines. Sedentary job. |
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Is employee wellness connected to productivity? |
Yes |
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How has the culture of where we work shaped our behaviors? |
We are heavily influenced by the culture of our work. If everyone at office gets fast-food for lunch or walks a mile on their break, we are likely to do the same. |
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What 2 things have contributed to body composition change over time? |
Personal choices, environment |
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What is the opposite of a food desert called? |
Food swamp |
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What does BMI stand for and how is it calculated? |
Body Mass index, weight times hight |
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What is the BMI range for an obese person? |
30-39.9 |
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What is the BMI range for an overweight person? |
25-29.9 |
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What is the BMI range for a morbidly obese person? |
40+ |
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Why does the community not agree with the BMI's classification of obesity? |
It doesn't take into account muscle mass or body shape |
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T/F the U.S. subsidizes industrial agriculture, which produces high calorie commodities at the expense of more nutritious produce. |
T |
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What can we learn from tobacco control programs and apply to obesity control programs? |
Age restriction on buying high sugar foods, taxes on high sugar foods. |
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What percentage of Americans eat the recommended daily servings from all food groups? |
1-3% |
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What food group do Americans most commonly omit from their diets? |
Fruit |
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List 2 benefits of physical activity |
Better heart health, lower risk of almost all chronic diseases |
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What percentage of adults in the U.S. are obese or overweight? |
68% |
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How much exercise is recommended for children? |
At least 60 mins/day. |
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How much exercise is recommended for adults? |
At least 150 minutes per week |
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List 2 activities that do not involved going to the gym or spending money that increase heart rate |
Dancing, hiking, going for a run |
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Is prevention of injury based on epidemiology? |
Yes |
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What are the 2 categories of injury death? |
Intentional, unintentional |
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_____ is the 4th leading cause of death in U.s. |
Injuries |
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Why are injuries the leading cause of death among those ages 1-44? |
Because chronic diseases haven't had time to kill them. |
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What are 3 of the leading causes of injury? |
Drowning, poisoning, Burns |
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What drug is most commonly involved in unintentional deaths? |
Opioid pain meds |
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What topically causes injuries? |
Our own behavior |
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What is the ratio of the incidence rate for persons exposed to the factor, to the incidence rate for persons in the unexposed group? |
Relative risk |
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How do you calculate relative risk? |
Divide top number by bottom number or divide those that did by those that did not. |