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66 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
psychology
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the scientific study of behavior and mental processes
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empiricism
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the view that knowlede originates in experience and that science should, therefore, rely on observation and experimentation
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structuralism
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-used introspection to explore the elemental structure of the human mind
-Titchener, Wundt -learn about the different parts of the mind -structure of mind |
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functionalism
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-focused on how mental and behavioral processes function, how the enable the organism to adapt, survive, and flourish
-William James -learn how the mind works (not its parts) -function of mind |
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humanistic psychology
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-emphasized the importance of current environmental influences on our growth potential, and the importance of meeting our needs for love and acceptance
-Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow -"the third force" -focuses on reality -you make the decisions in life |
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nature-nuture issue
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-controversy over the relative contributions that genes and experience make to the development of psychological traits and behaviors
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natural selection
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-survival of the fittest
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levels of analysis
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-the differing complementary views for analyzing any given phenomenom
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biopsychsocial approach
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-an integrated perspective that incorporates biological, psychological, and social-cultural levels of analysis
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basic research
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-pure science that aims to increase the scientific knowledge base
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applied research
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-scientific study that aims to solve practical problems
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counseling psychology
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-branch of psychology that assists people with problems in living and in acheiving greater well-being
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clinical psychology
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a branch of psychology that studies, assesses, and treats people with psychological disorders
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psychiatry
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-a branch of medicine dealing with psychological disorders
-M.D. |
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John Locke
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-come into world with blank slate (tabula rasa)
-experiences form who you are |
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Wilhelm Wundt
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-1897-established 1st psychological laboratory
--marked start of psychology as a science -asked people to be introspective -structuralist |
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William James
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-fucntionalist
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Titchener
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-brought psychology to US
-went to Cornell -structuralist |
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Skinner
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-radical behaviorist
--wanted to know what you can measure (not behavior) -thought cognitive would destroy psych |
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Watson
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-behaviorist (founded it)
-used what he knew about psych to be successful in business |
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Freud
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-psychoanalist (founded it)
-"we are like an iceberg. we deal with reality which is above the iceberg. the unconscious is under the iceberg" --need to get into unconscious to fix reality -used hypnosis, then talk therapy -used dreams to understand the unconscious -free association-speak whatever that comes to mind -would look at humour, slips of the tongue |
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Roger and Maslow
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-humanistic psychology
--"the third force" --focuses on reality --you make the decisions in life |
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free assocciation
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-speak whatever comes to mind
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cognitive therapy
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-talking therapy
-present psychology |
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issues with psychology
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-nature vs nuture
-stability vs change -rationality vs irrationality |
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neuroscience
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-focus on brain to see what determines behavior
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degrees
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-Ph. D - clinical psychology
-Psy. D - learn about talking therapy -Ed. D - educational psychology -D.D -Soc. D - sociology doctor -M.D. - psychiatrist, can write prescription |
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community psychologist
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-assess and provide for the psychiatric needs of the community
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things that limit/impact our thinking
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-limits to intuition or common sense
--can't always rely on it -hindsight bias --"I knew it all along" phenomenom -overconfidence --think we know more than we actually do |
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theory
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-a way to explain some phenomenom
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hypothesis
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-an educated guess
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replication
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-redo what someone else did and produce the same results
-has to be replicated in order to be valid -to do this: --have to have clear operation definiton |
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operation definition
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-clear steps needed for replication
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case study
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-when an individual or small group is studied indepth to help the larger group
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survey
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-large group is studied to help a smaller group or individuals
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random sample
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-information taken from a group of random people to help the larger group
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false concensus effect
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-around people of the same concensus, think that everyone thinks the same
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naturalistic observation
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-put yourself in the situation you want to observe
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correlational studies
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-study a scatter plot
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positive correlation
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-both variables go up or both variables go down
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negative correlation
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-one variable goes up and one goes down
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illusory correlation
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-really no correlation between 2 variables
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blind experimentation
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-used to avoid bias
-subjects and researchers are uniformed -single or double |
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hawthorne effect
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-you have to be aware of how the people feel about being in the study because it could be changing the results
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control
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-nothing changes
-used for comparison |
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dependent variable
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-what you're going to measure
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independent variable
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-what is manipulated
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placebo
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-something that a person expects to do something
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subliminal
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-beneath the surface
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nocebo
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-something that a person doesn't expect to do anything
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bell curve/normal curve/Gaussian curve
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-distribution of results
-measures of central tendencies |
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mean
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-average
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mode
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-most common
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median
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-midpoint of results
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standard deviation
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-how scores relate to the mean
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range
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-gap between lowest and highest scores
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culture
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-beliefs and behaviors that a group shares and passes on
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Why do psychologists study animals?
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-animals have a lot of same systems as humans have
-acasyia - used to study nervous system |
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ethics
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-whats right and wrong
-code of ethics written: --animals ---how long they can be deprived --people ---must have informed consent --talking therapy ---no sexual contact with patient |
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informed consent
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-you have to sign a document that the people being researched are well informed about the research
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Clark
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-studied segregation with wife
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radical behaviorist
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-wanted to know what you could measure (not behavior)
-Skinner |
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Socrates and Plato
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-mind is separable from body and continues after the body dies
-knowledge is born within us |
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Aristotle
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-knowledge is not preexisting
--it grows from experiences -the soul is not separable from the body |
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Descartes
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-agreed with Socrates and Plato about the existence of innate ideas and the mind's being separated from the body and its ability to survive death
-"animal spirits" in brain fluid --nerves and memories - |
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Francis Bacon
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-one of the founders of modern science
-major influence in psychology -centered on experiment, experience, and common sense judgement |