Psychology Mid Term Chapter 1-7

Front 1

Selective attention is the ability to focus on only one stimulus from among all sensory input

Back 1

Short term memory ( STM)

Front 2

Short term memory

Back 2

Short term memories are held for up to 30 seconds or more

If an incoming sensory message is important enough to enter consciousness, that message will move from sensory memory to the next stage of memory called short term memory.

Front 3

Long term memory

Back 3

the system into which all the information is placed to be kept more or less permanently.

similar to a computer hard drive.

Front 4

when you take a midterm in psychology class what type of memory would you rely on

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semantic

Front 5

Multiple choice test questions typically rely on_______while essay questions rely on_______

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recognition; recall

Front 6

The semantic network model of memory suggest that the_____nodes you must pass through to access information, the longer it will takefor you to recall information.

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More

Front 7

Research has demonstrated you can enhance your memory for specific words if you think about it meaning, how it can be used, and by giving a personal example of its use. This is best accounted for by which model of memory?

Back 7

Level of processing model

Front 8

The steps to memory can best be described as follows

Back 8

Putting it in, keeping it in, getting it out

Front 9

According to Sperling, what is the capacity of iconic memory?

Back 9

Everything that can be seen at one time.

Front 10

Learning can be best described as

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A relatively permanent change in behavior

Front 11

Michael noticed that whenever he moves his dogs food dish,his dog would come into the kitchen and act hungry and excited. He reasons that because he feed the dog using that dish, the sound of the dish had become a (n)

Back 11

Conditioned stimulus

Front 12

Which of the following statement is essential to classical conditioning?

Back 12

The CS and UCS must come close together in time

Front 13

The study by Keller and Marian Breland sound that instinctive drift in animal behavior is

Back 13

Genetically determined and not under the influence of learning

Front 14

Studies by Keller and Marian Breland found that many animals exhibit instinctive drift. What does this mean?

Back 14

The animals studied would learn skills through reinforcement but eventually revert back to the genetically control patterns of behavior

Front 15

Neurofeedback is a form of_______ and works to change apersons_________ through a series of reinforcements.

Back 15

Biofeedback; brain activity

Front 16

Which theory is commonly referred to as the "aha!"phenomenon

Back 16

Köhler's insight theory

Front 17

What is the correct sequence of the four elements of observational learning

Back 17

Attention, memory, imitation, desire

Front 18

Darla have noticed Health some of her friends have lostweight and glide trim by exercising one to two hours each day. However, she has no plans to imitate their behavior. What component of Bandura's model of observational learning will explain why Darla has not started a similar weightloss program?

Back 18

Darla is not motivated nor does she have to decide to begin the program.

Front 19

Positive reinforcement results in a______ in the targetbehavior and negative reinforcement result in a________ in the target behavior

Back 19

an increase; a decrease

Front 20

Melinda has a terrible headache. If she take some aspirin soas to make her headache go away, this would be an example of

Back 20

Negative reinforcement

Front 21

What is the relationship between negative reinforcement andpunishment?

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Negative reinforcement strengthens a response while punishment weakens a response

Front 22

Where do secondary reinforces get their power from?

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Pavlov's classical conditioning

Front 23

To a dog______ is an example of a primary reinforcer, whereas_______ is an example ofsecondary reinforcer.

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Dog food; a frisbee

Front 24

Research by Stephen Maier suggest that learned helplessness may be due to a higher level region of the brain known as the_____ which helpssubjects determine what is controllable

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Ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC)

Front 25

Jodi failed repeatedly in college algebra. Finally, she gaveup and was seriously considering dropping out of college. One day, her bestfriend offered to personally help her if she signed up for college algebraagain, but she refused. What content might explain her reluctance

Back 25

Learned helplessness

Front 26

Denise is grounded for coming up home after curfew.Additionally, her parents have taken away her cell phone for a month. Losing her cell phone privileges an example of Punishmentby removal

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Punishment by removal

Front 27

Little Jimmy's mother was upset to find that Jimmy had not picked up his building blocks after repeated requests to do so. The next morning, Jimmy found all his blocks had been picked up and put into a bag onthe top of the refrigerator. Jimmy's mother told him that he couldn't play withhis blocks for the next two days. Which type of discipline did she use?

Back 27

Punishment by removal

Front 28

The pineal gland receives instructions from the

Back 28

to release suprachiasmatic nucleus; melatonin

Front 29

Pineal Gland

Back 29

Endocrine gland located near the base of the cerebrum that secretes melatonin

Front 30

Robert has had difficulty sleeping for the past 6 months andhis body seemingly no longer differentiates between night and day his Dr.believes the problem lies with Roberts endocrine system what gland will hisphysician focus on

Back 30

Pineal

Front 31

The sleep–wake cycle typically follows a 24–hour cycle andis regulated by the

Back 31

suprachiasmatic nucleus

Front 32

Which of the following is involved in determining when we sleep?

Back 32

body temperture

Front 33

A person who relies heavily on sleeping pills or alcohol tosleep might experience the following night.

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REM rebound

Front 34

Sleepwalking occurs in ________ sleep, whereas nightmares occurs in ___________sleep.

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N3 (NREM Stage 3); REM

Front 35

Your doctor has told you that your youngest son suffers from somnambulism. What is another name for somnambulism?

Back 35

sleepwalking

Front 36

If you find yourself lying in bed unable to sleep for morethan 20 minutes, what should you do?

Back 36

Get out of bed and find some light activity to do (e.g., reading a book)

Front 37

In which disorder do people tend to snore in a very loud manner?

Back 37

sleep apnea

Front 38

Very young infants who suffer from sleep apnea may be moreat risk for SIDS, or sudden infant death infant syndrome. Why might these infants have difficulty breathing?

Back 38

The brain stem is not yet fully mature

Front 39

Sigmund Freud psychoanalysis focused on

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Early childhood experiences

Front 40

Calvin had a dream about his dog Snoopy in which he constantly looked for him but couldn't find him. In reality, Calvin's dog had died after beinghit by a car. According to SigmundFreud, his dream in which he was searching for his dog is an example of ____________ , while the inner meaning that he misses his dog terribly is an example of ___________

Back 40

manifest content, latent content

Front 41

In Freud's theory, the actual content of dream is called

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manifest content

Front 42

Freud says that dreams are a means of

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wish fulfillment

Front 43

Who is considered to be the father of African American psychology

Back 43

Francis Cecil Sumner

Front 44

Aaron has no memory of how he got home from a party. He then convinced himself that he must have been abducted by aliens while walking home.Subsequently, he is hypnotized in an attempt to help increase his memories ofthat evening. Based on the research of memory recall through hypnosis, what might we learn?

Back 44

Aron made annoyingly create false memories of what happened that night to justify his beliefs.

Front 45

Raven has just finished writing a list of nonsense wordsgiven to her by her psychology instructor as part of a class activity. She has 100 % recall at the end of class. According to Ebbinghaus's curve of forgetting, how quickly will Raven likely forget about 40% of the information she has just learned?

Back 45

Within the first 20 minutes after leaving the class

Front 46

Michael finds that most of his dreams are little more than random images that seemingly have been put into a strange storyline. Which theory of dreams best explains this?

Back 46

activation–synthesis hypothesis

Front 47

Your friend tells you she is seeing a therapist who wishes to use hypnosis as part of her therapy. However, your friend isconcerned that she might be hypnotized without knowing it. What might you tell her?

Back 47

That you actually hypnotize yourself and you cannot be hypnotized against your will

Front 48

Bobby agreed to be hypnotized during a comedy routine. While hypnotized, he stood on his chair and crowed like a rooster. Later, when his friends asked why he did this, Bobby replied that he didn't know, it must have been because he was hypnotized. What theory best explains his behavior?

Back 48

the social–cognitive explanation of hypnosis

Front 49

According to Calvin Hall, what are most dreams centered around?

Back 49

everyday life

Front 50

Jackie has found that when she tries to quit drinking, she gets headaches, has night sweats, and shakes uncontrollably.

Back 50

Such a reaction is an example of withdrawal

Front 51

As consequences to stopping drug use, headaches, nausea,shaking, and elevated blood pressure are all signs of

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withdrawal

Front 52

What drug's physical withdrawal symptoms include severe mood swings (crash),paranoia, extreme fatigue, and an inability to feel pleasure?

Back 52

cocaine

Front 53

Which of the following statements about nicotine is true?

Back 53

In terms of addictive power, nicotine is more powerful than heroin or alcohol.

Front 54

Typically, narcotics have the ability to

Back 54

suppress the sensation of pain.

Front 55

is a tranquilizer that is also known as the "daterape" drug.

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Rohypnol

Front 56

Most studies of marijuana's effects have found that

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it creates a powerful psychological dependency

Front 57

Henry Gustav Molaison (H.M) suffered from profound anterograde amnesia after his_______ were surgically removed in an attempt to control his seizures

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Hippocampi

Front 58

Henry Gustav Molaison known as H.M., was unable to form new declarative memories. He suffered fromwhat psychologists call

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Anterograde amnesia

Front 59

Which psychologist dared to ignore the whole consciousness issue and return to a study of scientific inquiry by focusing on observable behavior

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John Watson

Front 60

In Watson's experiment with little Albert, the conditioned stimulus was

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The white rat

Front 61

Which perspective would a researcher be taking if she were studying a client early childhood experiences and his resulting development of self

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Psychodynamic

Front 62

Cognitive universalism tends to______the linguistic relativity hypothesis

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Contradict

Front 63

Functionalism

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How the mind allows people to function in the real world how they work play and adapt to their surroundings

Front 64

Which of the following early psychologists would have been most likely to agree with the statement "The study of the mind should focus on how it functions in everyday life"?

Back 64

William James

Front 65

The ability to reach for and pick up her book is largely due to the functions of the ________pathway of the _________nervous system?

Back 65

Motor, somatic

Front 66

Involuntary muscles are controlled by the________nervous system

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Autonomic

Front 67

As you take notes your heartbeat at a normal rate your breathing is normal and your stomach slowly digests your earlier meal. What division of the peripheral nervous system is currently in action?

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Parasympathetic

Front 68

Central Nervous System consists of

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Brain and spinal cord

Front 69

Sensory neuron A Neuron that carries information from the senses to the central nervous system.

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Also called afferent neuron

Front 70

Motor Neuron

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A neuron that carries messages from the central nervous system to the muscles of the body. Also called the efferent neuron

Front 71

Peripheral nervous system

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All nerves and neurons hat are not contained in the brain and spinal cord but that run through the body itself

Front 72

Which part of the brain is involved in the creation of memories and is often linked to Alzheimer's disease?

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Hippocampus

Front 73

Hippocampus

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Responsible for the formation of long term memories.

Front 74

Cerebral hemisphere

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The two sections of the cortex of the left and right sides of the brain

Front 75

What part of the brain can sometimes be referred to as the"rind" or outer covering

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Cortex

Front 76

In which of the following lobes of the cortex would you find the primary visual cortex?

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Occipital

Front 77

The ability to detect changes in temperature, pressure, and the body position is due in part to the functions of the _________lobe

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Parietal

Front 78

Glial cells are

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Fatty cells that provide support for neurons to grow on, deliver nutrients to neurons, produce muslin to coat axons

Front 79

Myelin is a

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Fatty substance produced by certain Glial cells that coat axons of neurons to insulate, protect and speed up the neural impulse, also helps to clean up waste products and dead neurons

Front 80

Olfactory receptors project directly to the ____________ , and are unique in that signals do not first connect to the thalamus.

Back 80

olfactory bulbs

Front 81

Endocrine glands

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Secrete chemicals called hormones directly into the bloodstream

Front 82

Pineal Gland

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Endocrine gland located near the base of the cerebrum that secretes melatonin

Front 83

Thyroid gland

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Endocrine gland found in the neck that regulates metabolism

Front 84

Pancreas

Back 84

Endocrine gland that controls the levels of sugar in the blood

Front 85

Synapse– synaptic gap

Back 85

Microscopic fluid–filled space between the rounded areas on the end of the axon terminals of one cell and the dendrites or surface of the next cell

Front 86

Alexis and Teresa are synchronized swimmers for their college swim team. They often work long hours to ensure the movements in their routine are perfectly time what part oftheir brains must Alexis and Teresa rely most upon

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Cerebellum

Front 87

Cerebrum

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The upper part of the brain consisting of the two hemispheres on the structures that connect them

Front 88

Which brain structure relays incoming sensory information?

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Thalamus

Front 89

Your psychology professor refers to this as the great relay station of the brain what part of the brain is she referring to?

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Thalamus

Front 90

Thalamus is part of what system

Back 90

Linnie system. Which is located in the center of the brain

Front 91

Action potential _________ The release of the neural impulse consisting of a reversal of the electrical charge within the axon

Back 91

Allows positive sodium ions to enter the cell.

Front 92

Corpus callosum

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Thick band of neurons that connects the right and left cerebral hemisphere

Front 93

Which part of the neuron carries messages to other cells

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Axon

Front 94

Which of the following is NOT a function of glial cells

Back 94

Generating action potentials

Front 95

Adrenal glands

Back 95

Endocrine glands located on top of each kidney they also secrete over 30 different hormones to deal with stress regulate salt intake and they provide a secondary source of sex hormones affecting the sexual changes that occur during adolescence

Front 96

Gestalt

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Basic building block of consciousness