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56 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
what are Erik Erikson's first 4 stages of developments?
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-Trust vs Mistrust (birth-1yr)
-Autonomy vs Shame and Doubt (around age 2) -initiative vs guilt (preschool years) -industry vs inferiority (elementary years) |
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what does attachment mean?
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a feeling that binds one to a person, thing, cause, ideal, or the like; devotion; regard
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what does temperament mean?
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1) the combination of mental, physical, and emotional traits of a person; natural predisposition
2) unusual personal attitude or nature as manifested by peculiarities of feeling, temper, action, etc. Often with a disinclination to submit to conventional rules or restraints |
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what are the four parenting types?
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authoritarian, authoritative, neglectful and indulgent
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what type of parenting is "authoritarian"?
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restrictive, rule orientated, punitive, no verbal exchange
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how do children how have been parented by an "authoritarian" end up?
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-lacks social ability
-will be incompetent in areas because they fear comparison -they fail to initiate activity/community |
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what does it mean to be an "authoritative" parent?
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-they urge children to be independent but still provide limites
-they allow for individuality, allow for verbal exchange, and are warm and nurturing |
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how do they children turn out who have been parented by an "authoritative"?
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they are socially competent and responsible and self reliant
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how do "neglectful" parents parent?
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uninvolved
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how do children who were parent "neglectfully" turn out
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lack self control and do not handle independence well
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how do parents parent "indulgently"
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highly involved with their children but don't have a lot of demands
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how do children turn out who have been parented "indulgently"?
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lack self control and always expect to get their way
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what does gender identity mean and when do kids acquire it?
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the sense of being male or female; 3 yrs old
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what is gender role?
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set of expectations that prescribe how females should think, act and feel
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biological influences include....
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your 23rd chromosome (xx or xy)
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what are social influences on children?
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toys, pink and blue treatment, activities, careers, hair styles;
kids learn their gender roles through observation and imitation |
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what are cognitive influences?
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once they see what mom/dad does, then you will start to organize your world around your gender which is rewarding or satisfying to you
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what occurs during puberty?
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skeletal maturation:
-testosterone doubles in females hits females at around 10 1/2 yrs -estrogen doubles in males hits males at around 12 1/2 yrs |
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what happens with testosterone?
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male's increase 18 fold during puberty
-cues the development of their genitals, increase in height and voice change |
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wha happens with estradiol?
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increase 18 fold during puberty and cues development of breasts, skeletal development and uterine
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what are the 2 forms of cognitive development and who is the person behind them?
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-formal operational thought: 11-15: more idealistic, logical, abstract
-adolescent egocentrism: a belief that others are as preoccupied with you as you are characteristics: unique, indestructible, perform attention seeking behavior -Piaget |
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what are the myths behind parent-teen relationships?
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-teens detach themselves from parents and move in to an isolated world of peers
-parent teen relationships are intense, filled with conflict, and highly stressful |
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what are the truths behind parent-teen relationships?
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secure relationships with parents equals secure relationships with peers and vice versa
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what is erikson's 5th stage of development?
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identity vs identity confusion
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what are the levels of Kohlberg's moral development?
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-preconventional level of moral reasoning
-conventional level -post-conventional level |
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what is the preconventional level of moral reasoning?
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the lowest level of moral thinking where values are not internalized: all decisions are made based on rewards and punishments, environment
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what is the conventional level of moral reasoning?
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an intermediate level of internalization. Still is external, take in the standards of others and internalize them
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what is the post-conventional level of moral reasoning?
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completely internalized: weighs moral options, sees alternative modes of decision making, choose their own consequence
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what occurs during early adulthood in physical development?
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people are at their peak performance and at their healthiest physically
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what occurs during middle adulthood in physical development?
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starting to see a slow decline physically in a lot of areas: movement, cholesterol, eyes, ears etc
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what occurs during early and middle adulthood of cognitive development?
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come in to adulthood with a more systematic and realistic approach to life than adolescent: less idealistic
-memory begins to decline unless they are active in using their imagination |
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what are erikson's 6th and 7th stages?
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-intimacy vs Isolation: if identity is formed, then a person can move in to intimacy
-generativity vs stagnation (occurs during middle adulthood): a feeling of needing to assist the next generation vs a feeling of having done nothing for the next generation |
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what happens to the people in late adulthood during physical development?
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-the more active they are, the happier and healthier they are
-everything is on a decline, but if they are able to keep active for as long as they can they will prolong their life |
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what is alzheimer's disease?
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degenerative, irreversible brain disorder that affects memory and social behavior: affects over 2 million people in the US
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what happens to cognitive development during late adulthood?
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they can outperform early adults in general knowledge and wisdom unless the test is timed
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socioemotional development of late adults...quote by kierkegaard?
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"life is lived forward but understood backward"
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integrity vs despair
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-late adulthood is a time of reflection
-integrity: seeing life as one well lived -despair: a life of regrets |
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death and dying: what are Elisabeth Kubler-Ross's stages?
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denial and isolation, anger, bargaining, depression, acceptance
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what are motivations?
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involves why people think, feel and behave the way they do
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what are biological influences of motivation?
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-instincts: innate, biological determinate of behavior
-drive: an aroused state that occurs because of a physiological need -need: deprivation that energizes the drive to eliminate or reduce the deprivation |
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what are the behavioral/sociocultural Influences of motivation?
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incentives: positive or negative external stimuli that motivates behavior
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what are the hierarchy of motives by abraham maslow?
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-physiological needs
-safety needs -need for love and belongingness -need for esteem -cognitive needs -aesthetic needs -need for self-actualization: the development to one's full potential as a human |
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what are the biological factors of hunger?
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blood glucose (sugar) levels
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what are the eternal and cognitive factors of hunger?
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-internal cues: hunger pains and blood sugar
-external cues: how a food smells, taste, looks -schachter: the difference between normal weight people and obese people are the cues that they listen to the most -using self control and exercise |
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what are the four phases of the human sexual response cycle?
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excitement, plateau, orgasm, resolution
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what is intrinsic motivation
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a desire to be competent to do something for it's own sake
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what is extrinsic motivation
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behavior impacted by external rewards and punishments
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what are the three levels of performance orientation?
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-helpless orientation: play the victim trapped by difficult tasks, make decisions based on their lack of ability
-mastery orientation: ability and outcomes aren't really a factor; they're more concerned with the process, the journey -performance orientation: very concerned with outcomes: winning is everything and happiness comes form winning |
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what does bandura say about goal setting?
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having immediate goals can generate satisfaction based on achievement
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what is self-efficacy?
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belief that one has mastery over a situation and can produce positive outcomes
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what are the four main ways to imporve self esteem?
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-identify the cause of low self esteem
-finding emotional support and social approval -achievement: finding out what you're good at -finding healthy ways to cope that will always improve your self esteem |
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what is emotion?
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a feeling or affect that involves physiological arousal, conscious experience and over behavior
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what are the 4 dimensions of emotion?
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-positive or negative
-primary or mixed -many emotions are polar opposites -emotions vary in intensity |
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what are the 4 contributors to happiness?
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-good self concept
-close relationships -engaged by work and leisure -faith |
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what are the primary emotions that are followed with anger?
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frustration, hurt and loss
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what are the 5 ways to control your anger?
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-wait before you react
-no rehearsing the reasons why -get support from others -help others, get the focus off yourself -see the situation from another perspective |