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113 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
psychological |
In psychotherapy, therapist and client engage in systematic interaction that applies __________ principles in order to help the patient overcome psychological disorders |
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demons |
The earlier form of "treatment" for psychological disorders was based on the belief that mental illness was cuased by __________.
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asylums |
The function of early __________ was to provide a place to store the mentally ill.
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mentally ill |
Phillipe Pinel advanced the treatment of the __________ as a result of his efforts at La Bicentre in Paris.
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psychodynamic therapies |
__________ assume most problems arise from early childhood experiences and internal conflict. |
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psychoanalysis |
__________ is the traditional form of psychodynamic therapy as pioneered by Sigmund Freud
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wish fulfillment |
According to Freud, the unconscious impulses tend to be expressed in dreams as a form of __________.
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latent content |
Freud interpreted the perceived content of a dream in terms of its presumed hidden or symbolic content.
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self |
Humanistic therapies are focused on strengthening the __________.
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client centered |
Carl Rogers originated __________ therapy. |
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frame of reference |
In client-centered therapy, the therapist tries to set aside his or her own values and experiences and view the word through the client's __________.
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more directive |
Gestalt therapy differs from client-centered therapy in that Gestalt approaches are __________.
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conditioning |
Behavior therapy uses the principles of __________ to promote desired behavior change.
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fear |
Flooding, systematic desensitization, and modeling are behavioral methods for reducing __________.
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conditioned or learned |
Systematic desensitization procedures assume that fear is a __________ response
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aversive |
A __________ conditioning technique for those who wish to quit smoking involves overexposure to inhaled and secondary smoke. |
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behavior modification |
According to __________, if a habit is not reinforced it will become extinguished.
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operant |
Token economy is a behavioral treatment approach based on __________ conditioning principles.
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cognitive |
__________ therapists focus on beliefs and attitudes that create and compound their clients psychological problems.
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directive |
Ellis's Rational Emotional Behavior Therapy is active and __________ .
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irrational |
Albert Ellis focused on the __________ quality of his clients beliefs.
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economical |
One advantage to group therapy is that it is more __________.
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family therapy |
A form of group therapy that employs the systems approach is called __________.
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alcoholics anonymous |
Research has shown that __________ is as effective as other forms of psychotherapy.
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experiment |
The ideal research method for evaluating the success of therapeutic methods is the __________.
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well-educated |
Psychodynamic and client-centered therapy tend to work with __________, verbal, and highly motivated clients. |
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biological |
Therapies that influence psysiological processes are called __________ approaches
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antianxiety |
"Minor tranquilizer" is another term for __________ drug. |
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sertonin |
Antidepressant medication tends to increase the concentration of __________ and noradrenaline in the brain. |
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antidepressant |
Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is used with depressed individuals who do not respond to __________.
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social psychology |
__________ studies the nature and causes of behavior and mental processes in social situations. |
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attitudes |
The A-B problem focuses on consistency between our __________ and behavior.
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learned |
Attitudes are __________ . |
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central |
The __________ route is to facts and research results whereas the peripheral route is to status and prestige.
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repeated exposure |
Research has shown that mere __________ to any stimulus increases the likelihood that people will like it and react favorably to it.
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fear |
A type of persuasive communication that attempts to influence behavior by arounsing __________ instead of rational nalysis is fear appeal.
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expertise |
Persuasive communicators usually have a good deal of __________, attractiveness, and trustworthiness.
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selective |
Deliberately looking for and paying attention to information that is consistent with one's attitues is __________ exposure.
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cognitive dissonance |
__________ focuses on the relationship between behavior and beliefs.
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stereotypes |
Atittudes that are based on overgeneralizations that can be positive or negative are called __________.
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social learning |
People form prejudices because of __________, social conflict, and dissimilarity. |
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recency |
The __________ effect is the tendency to evaluate others in terms of the most recent impression they make on us.
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attribution |
An assumption about why people do the things they do is an __________.
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behavior |
The fundamental attribution error focuses on the __________.
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self-serving bias |
The __________ is the tendency to credit our successes to internal dispositional factors and out failurs to situational influences.
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dispositional |
When a person acts consistently the same way on many different occasions, we tend to make a __________ attribution.
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internal |
When the distinctiveness of a person's behavior is low, we tend to make __________ attributions.
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gentle and brief |
Touching is usually an effective way to increase tips for a server when the touching is __________.
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social influence |
Obedience and conformity all fall under the social psychology category of __________.
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relcuctantly |
In the Milgram studies, when the teachers were asked to continue the shocks even though the learner protested, most teachers __________ continued.
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conformity |
When behavior or attitudes are adjusted to go along with a group norm this is called __________.
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evaluating |
Evaluation apprehension is best defined as concern that others are __________ us.
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individual |
Research seems to support the idea that group decisions are worse than __________ decisions.
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self-awareness |
Deindividuation is defined as a state of reduced __________. |
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identity |
Research has shown that people are more likely to help people with whom they can __________.
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supernatural |
Throughout human history, people have assumed that psychological disorders resulted from __________ forces |
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brain |
Hippocrates proposed that psychological disorders might be caused by a __________ abnormality.
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psychological disorders |
The DSM IV can be used to determine __________ based on presenting behavior patterns.
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excessive |
While anxiety is an appropriate response to a threat, it becomes evidence of a disorder when it is __________.
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specific |
__________ phobias are excessive, irrational fears of specific objects or situations such as snakes or heights.
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panic attack |
People experiencing a __________ are often aware of cardiac sensations and often think they are having a heart attack.
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obsession |
A recurrent, intrusive thought that causes anxiety and is difficult to control is an __________. |
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compulsions |
It is believed that __________ tend to reduce anxiety connected with obsessions.
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concordance |
Twin studies reveal higher rates of __________ for anxiety disorders among identical twins than among fraternal twins.
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organic |
Dissociative disorders involve a loss of memory that cannot be attributed to __________ problems.
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anxiety |
Somatoform disorders involve the conversion of __________ into a physical form.
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depression |
The "common cold" of psychological disorders is __________.
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major
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Psychomotor retardation is associated with __________ depression.
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manic-depressive |
Bipolar disorder used to be called __________ disorder
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learned helplessness |
Learning theory suggests that depression can result from __________.
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external |
An __________ attribution is one in which the blame is placed on someone or something other than the self.
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memory |
Schizophrenic symptoms include core problems with __________, attention, thinking, and communication. |
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hallucinations |
Imagery in the absence of external stimulation is the definition of __________ observed in people with schizophrenia.
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disorganized |
Extreme social impairment is common in individuals suffering from __________ schizophrenia |
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biological |
The observation that concordance rates from schizophrenia are high in identical twins suggests that there is a __________ basis for the disorder.
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dopamine |
An important neurotransmitter involved in schizophrenic symptoms is __________.
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paranoid |
Suspiciousness is the defining trait of __________ personality disorders.
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antisocial |
Research evidence supports the theory that lack of guilt is a frequent characteristic of people with __________ personality disorder.
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suicides |
Most __________ are linked to feelings of depression and hopelessness.
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perfectionism |
is considered a possible risk factor for suicide.
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stress |
A demand made on an organism to adapt is called __________.
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eustress |
Stress that is healthful is referred to as __________.
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adjustment |
Life changes that are positive can still be stressful because __________ is involved.
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conflict |
Being pulled in two directions at the same time would most specifically be called __________.
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avoidance-avoidance |
A conflict that involves two negative goals is called __________
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activation e vent |
According to Ellis, a situation like failling a test, which results in stress is called an __________.
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aggressive |
Individuals who are highly driven, competitive, impatient, and __________ are referred to as Type A personality.
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self-efficacy |
High __________ expectations result in the ability to withstand stress.
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hardiness |
Psychological __________ is characterized by challenge, commitment, and control
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locus of control |
__________ can influence ability to cope with stress, life expectancy, and success. |
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more stress |
When one can laugh at their mistakes, they can cope with __________.
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stressor |
The ability to predict a __________ helps to reduce the stress. |
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decrease |
Social support tends to __________ the effects of stress.
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depression |
Social support is helpful in recovering from __________.
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endocrine |
During the alarm stage, stress has a domino effect on the __________ system.
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resistance phase |
The general adaptation stage that involves coping with the stress is called the __________.
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hormones |
Gender differences in response to stress are thought to be related to __________.
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parasympathetic |
During the exhaustion phase, the __________ division of the ANS predominates.
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immune system |
Stress suppresses the __________.
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nervous system |
Psychoneuroimmunology involves the study of relationships among the __________, immune system, and disease.
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genetic |
Illness and disease are affected by __________ predispositions.
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headaches |
__________ are among the most common stress-related physical ailments. |
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migraine |
The __________ headache usually has a sudden onset and is often preceded by senseory and motor disturbances.
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coronary heart disease |
The leading cause of death in the United States is __________.
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cancer |
__________ is the leading cause of death among women in the United States.
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coping |
It can be assumed tha the more effective approach to solving problems is problem-solving
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self-examination |
The first step for changing irrational thought patterns is __________ to develop awareness.
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cognition |
Meditation targets __________ to reduce the state of arousal caused by stress.
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muscle tension |
Progressive relaxation focuses on __________ to reduce the state of arousal caused by stress.
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progressive relaxation |
The goal and intent of __________ is to distinguish be tween feelings of tension and relaxation.
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aerobic |
Jumping rope is classified as __________exercise.
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anxiety |
Exercise can help reduce the risk of depression, __________, and cancer. |
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anaerobic |
Aerobic exervise is to vardiovascular fitness as __________ exercise is to muscle strength. |