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50 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
what is the order in processing memory? |
encoding, storage, retrieval |
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in memory encoding, mental picture is to __ as meaning is to __ |
visual, semantic |
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the best memory usually results from which type of encoding? |
semantic |
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the magic seven refers to |
capacity of short term memory |
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the process of converting unstable, short term memory into lasting, stable memories is called |
consolidation |
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when jacques wants to learn a new concept, he attempts to connect it with previously existing knowledge. this is an example of |
elaborative rehearsal |
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which of the following suggests that long term memory is organized in terms of an elaborative arrangement of associated concepts? |
semantic network model |
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procedural memory is to __ as declarative memory is to __ |
knowing how, knowing that |
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which question is most likely associated with episodic memory? |
where did i go on my first date? |
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procedural long term memory might best be described as |
knowing how |
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the view that memory is based on recreating representations of the past rather than recalled verbatim images of the past is called |
constructionist theory |
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according to constructionist theory, gwendoyl's negative stereotype of how asians behave is an example of |
schema |
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flashbulb memories are most likely to be associated with |
emotionally charged experiences |
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the idea that memory gradually disintegrates over time is the basis of |
decay theory |
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when it comes to retention, in general, |
spaced practice is superior to massed practice |
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the serial position effect occurs when people |
remember the first and last things in a list the best |
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in memory processes, the primary effect refers to |
superior memory for items at the beginning of a list |
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which theory of forgetting suggests that forgetting is the result of a failure to access stored memories? |
retrieval theory |
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motivated forgetting is another name for repression |
repression |
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which student is taking a test that is a recognition task? |
melissa, who takes a multiple-choice exam in her sociology class in which she must identify key events and founders in the history of sociology from a list of choices |
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most people consider recognition tasks to be easier than recall tasks, possibly because__? |
recognition tasks provide more retrieval cues than do recall tasks |
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a physical trace of memory in the brain is termed a |
engram |
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__ are memory circuits in the brain that consist of complicated networks of nerve cells. |
neuronal networks |
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cells that "fire together, wire together". this saying best captures the concept of |
long term potentiation |
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the mental representation and manipulation of information is |
thinking |
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strengthening synaptic connections between neurons by repeated stimulation is known as |
long term potentiation |
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regarding thinking and mental imagery, which of the following statements is false? |
physical objects are generally better represented by words and concepts than by images |
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which of the following is the best definition of concept? |
a mental category used to group objects according to shared features |
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comparing the two types of concepts, logical is to __ as natural is to __ |
clear; fuzzy |
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concepts defined by specific rules are called |
logical concepts |
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anita says she cant define pornography but she knows it when she sees it. she is applying what type of concept? |
natural concept |
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what is the major drawback of algorithms? |
there may not be any algorithm that precisely applies to the one's particular problem |
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a heuristic is |
a mental shortcut for solving a problem |
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letty has a very complex problem to solve. she decides to break the problem down into smaller, more manageable problems. which strategy best describes what letty is doing? |
creating subgoals |
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celia is a juror at a trial. based on her reading of newspapers, celia has already decided that the defendant is guilty. she sticks to her decision even when the defense attorney presents strong contradicting evidence. celia is demonstrating |
confirmation bias |
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which cognitive bias best describes our tendency to judge people based on first impressions? |
the representativeness heuristic |
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the tendency to base decisions on information that most readily comes to mind is |
the availability heuristic |
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divergent thinking is |
conceiving of new ways of viewing situations and new uses for familiar objects |
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all but which of the following underlie creative thinking? |
the use of algorithms |
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in language, phonemes are to __ as morphemes are to __ |
sound, meaning |
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language is |
a set of rules and symbols for communication |
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regarding language, which of the following statements is false? |
phonemes combine to form syntax |
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regarding the concept of language acquisition device, which of the following statements is false? |
it explains how environment shapes language development |
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which of the following statements regarding language development is most strongly supported by evidence? |
many areas of the brain appear to be responsible for producing language |
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what is the sequence for language development? |
crying, cooling, babbling, one-word phrases, two-word phrases |
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the linguistic relativity hypothesis states that |
the language we use determines the way we think |
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in intelligence testing, norms are |
criteria for comparing an individual's IQ score with those of the general population |
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according to the text, which of the following definitions best describes intelligence? |
the capacity to think and reason clearly and to act purposefully and effectively in adapting to the environment |
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in testing, __ is to consistency of results as __ is to accuracy of results |
reliability; validity |
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concerns with intelligence tests include all of the following except? |
there is a lack of access to them |