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65 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Learning |
A relatively enduring change in behavior, resulting from experience. |
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Three types of learning |
1. Nonassociative Learning 2. Associative Learning |
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Nonassociative Learning |
Responding after repeated exposure to a single stimulus, or event. Simplest form of learning. Ex. You hear a buzzing sound and tune it out |
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Associative Learning |
The linking between two events that, in general, take place right after another. |
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Observational Learning |
Acquiring or changing behavior after exposure to another individual performing that behavior. |
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Conditioning |
A process in which environmental stimuli and behavioral responses become connected. |
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Two forms of Nonassociative Learning |
1. Habituation 2. Sensitization |
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Habituation |
A decrease in behavioral response after repeated exposure to a stimuli. We tend to notice new things round us. If something is neither rewarding nor harmful, habituation leads us to ignore it. |
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Dishabituation |
The increase in a response because of a change in something familiar. |
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Sensitization |
A increase in behavioral response after exposure to a stimuli. Ex. The smell of smoke alerts you to potential fire. |
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A reduction in neurotransmitter release leads to... |
Habituation |
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An increase in neurotransmitter release leads to... |
Sensitization |
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Two types of Associative Learning |
1. Classical Conditioning 2. Operant Conditionng |
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Classical Conditioning (Pavlovian Conditioning) |
A neural stimulus elicits a response because it has become associated with a stimulus that already produces that response. The association between the events cannot be controlled |
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Neutral Stimulus (NS) |
Unrelated stimuli to desired unconditional response. |
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Unconditional Response (UR) |
A response that does not have to be learned, such as a reflex. |
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Unconditional Stimulus (US) |
A stimulus that elicits a response, such as a reflex, without any prior learning. |
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Conditioned Stimulus (CS) |
A stimulus that elicits a response only after learning has taken place. |
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Conditioned Response (CR) |
A response to a conditioned stimulus; a response that has been learned. |
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Acquisition |
The gradual formation of an association between the conditioned and unconditioned stimuli. |
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Contiiguity |
The bond between learned association and stimuli occur over time. |
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Second- Order Conditioning |
A Conditioned Response can be learned even without he learner ever associating the Conditioned Stimuli with the original Unconditioned Stimuli. |
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Extinction |
A process in which the conditioned response is weakened when the conditioned stimulus is repeated without the unconditioned stimulus. |
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Spontaneous Recovery |
A process in which a previously extinguished conditioned response reemerges after the presentation of the conditioned stimulus. |
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Stimulus Generalization |
Learning that occurs when stimuli that are similar but not identical to the conditioned stimulus produce the conditioned response. |
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Stimulus Discrimination |
A difference between two similar stimuli when only one of them is consistently associated with the unconditioned stimulus. Ex. Two plants are very similar but one is poisonous, animals lear to distinguish the difference. |
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Conditioned Taste Aversion |
After eating a poisonous food, you vomit and learn to avoid that food. |
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Biological Preparedness |
Animals are genetically programmed to fear specific objects. |
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Rescoria-Wagner Model |
Emphasizes prediction error. |
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Prediction Error |
The difference between the expected and actual outcomes. |
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Positive Prediction Error |
The presence of something unexpected. |
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Negative Prediction Error |
The absence of something expected. |
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Blocking Effect |
1.) An animal will more easily associate an unconditioned stimulus with a novel stimulus that a familiar one. |
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The less The Prediction error |
the less the dopamine activity. |
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Phobia |
An acquired fear that is out of proportion to the real threat of an object or of a situation. |
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Fear conditioning |
Classically conditioning animal to fear neutral objects. |
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Counterconditioning |
Classical conditioning that is used to remove phobias. |
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Operant Conditioning (Instrumental Conditioning) |
A Learning process in which the consequences of an action determine the likelihood that it will be performed in the future. |
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Thorndike's Puzzel Box |
A puzzle box used to assess learning in animals by pulling a sting to open a door to get out of the box. |
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Law of Effect |
Any behavior that leads to a "satisfying state of affairs" is likely to occur again. Any behavior that leads to an "annoying state of affairs" is less likely to occur again. |
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Reinforcer |
A stimulus that follows a response and increases the likelihood that the response will be repeated. |
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Th Skinner Box |
A box with an animal inside that had one lever for food and one lever for water. |
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Shaping |
Reinforcing behaviors that are increasingly similar to the desired behavior. |
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Successive Approximations |
The animal learns to discriminate which behavior is being reinforced |
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Primary Reinforcers |
Reinforcers necessary for survival. |
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Secondary Reinforcers |
Events or object s that serve as a reinforcers but don'y satisfy biological needs. Ex. Money |
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Positive Reinforcement |
The administration of a stimulus to increase the probability of a behavior being repeated. |
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Negative Reinforcement |
The removal of an unpleasant stimulus to increase the probability of a behavior being repeated. |
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Premack Principle |
A more valued activity can be used to reinforce the performance of a less valued activity. |
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Continuous Reinforcement |
A type of learning in which behavior is reinforced each time it occurs. |
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Partial Reinforcement |
A type of learning in which behavior is reinforced intermittenly |
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Fixed Interval Scedule |
Occurs when reinforcement is provided after a certain amount of time has passed. "feed me behavior" |
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Variable Interval Schedule |
Occurs when reinforcement is provided after the passage of time, but the time is not regular. Ex. Getting texts from friends |
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Fixed Ratio Schedule |
Occurs when reinforcement is provided after a certain number of responses have been made. Ex. Factory workers getting paid based on the number of objects they make. |
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Variable Ratio Schedule |
Occurs when reinforcement is provided after an unpredicted number of response. Ex. Gambling at a slot machine and occasionally winning after putting a certain amount of money into the machine. |
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Partial-Reinforcement Extinction Effect |
The greater persistence of behavior under partial reinforcement than under continuous reinforcement. |
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Positive Punishment |
The administration of a stimulus to decrease the probability of a behavior recurring. |
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Negative Punishment |
The removal of a stimulus to decrease the probability of a behavior recurring. |
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Behavior Modifications |
The use of Operant-Conditioning techniques to eliminate unwanted behaviors and replace them with desirable ones. |
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Cognitive Map |
A visual/spacial mental representation of an environment. |
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Biological Constraints |
Animals have a hard time learning behaviors that run counter to their evolutionary adaptation. |
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Latent Learning |
Learning that takes place without Reinforcement. Ex. Observational learning |
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Modeling |
The imitation of observed behavior. |
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Vicarious Learning |
Learning the consequences of an action by watching others being rewarded or punished for performing the action. |
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Mirror Neurons |
Neurons in the brain that are activated when one observes another individual engage in an action and when one performs a similar action. |