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55 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Learning
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A relatively permanent change in behavior or the potential to make a response that occurs as a result of experience
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Associative Learning
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A type of learning principle based on the assumption that ideas and experiences reinforce one another and can be linked to enhance the learning process
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Classical Conditioning
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Learning that occurs when two stimuli-a conditioned stimulus (originally a neutral stimulus) and an unconditioned stimulus-are paired and become associated with each other
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Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
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Stimulus that automatically produces a response without any previous training
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Unconditioned Response (UCR)
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Reaction that is automatically produced when an an unconditioned stimulus is presented
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Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
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Neutral stimulus that acquires the ability to elicit a conditioned response after being paired with an unconditioned stimulus
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Conditioned Response (CR)
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Response elicited by a conditioned stimulus that has been paired with an unconditioned stimulus; is similar to the unconditioned stimulus
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Generalization
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Occurance of responsesto stimuli that are similar to a CS
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Discrimination
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Occurence of responses only to a specific CS
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Extinction
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A general term for the reduction and elimination fo behaviors; in classical conditioning, extinctionoccurs when repeated presentation of the CS alone leads to a reduction in the strength of the CR; in operant condition, extinction occurs when a behavior is no longer followed by a reinforcer
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Spontaneous Recovery
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Reappearance of an extinguished CR after the passage of time
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Operant Conditioning
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Learning that occurs when the participant must make a response to produce a change in the environment
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Respondent Behavior
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Behavior that appears to be clearly dependent upon a specific stimulus and elicited by that stimulus
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Operant Behavior
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Response that occurs to make a change in the environment
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Primary Reinforcer
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Stimulus that has innate reingorcing properties
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Secondary (Conditioned) Reinforcers
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Stimulus that acquires reinforcing properties by being associated with a primary reinforcer
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Positive Reinforcement
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Event or stimulus presented after the target reponse that increases the liklihood that this reponse will occur again
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Negative Reinforcement
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Increase in the frequency of a target behavior (reponse) that occurs when a negative reinforcer is removed or teminated; escape condition and avoidance conditioning are examples
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Punishment
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The process of using a punisher to decrease response rate
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Shaping
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A form of operant conditioning in which a desired response is taught by reinforcement of successive responses that more closely resemble the target response
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Successive Approximations
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Withold reinforcement until the animal engages in a behavior that comes closer to the desired target response
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Schedules of Reinforcement
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Preset pattern for delivering reinforcement
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Continuous Reinforcement
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Reinforcement that follows every target response
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Partial Reinforcement
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Reinforcement that does not follow every target response
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Fixed Ratio
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When the number of responses required to produce a reinforcer is specified
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Variable Ratio
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When the number of responses required to produce a reinforcer is not specified
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Fixed Interval
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A constant period of time must pass before a response is reinforced
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Variable Interval
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Participants never know the exact time that must pass before a response is reinforced
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Insight Learning
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Sudden grasp of a concept or the solution to a problem that resultsfrom perceptual restructuring; typically characterized by an immediate change in behavior
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Vicarious Conditioning/ Modeling/ Observational Learning
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Learning that occurs through watching and imitating the behaviors of others
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Memory/ Retention
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System of process by which the products or results of learning are stored for future use
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Recall
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Remember without cue or clues
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Recognition
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Pick out word from group (multiple choice)
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Re-learning
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How long it takes to remember something the second time then the first time
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Sensory Memory
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Very brief (0.5 to 1 second for visual stimuli and t to 3 seconds for auditory stimuli but extensive memory for sensory events
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Short-Term Memory Use(STM)
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Memory stage in which information is held in consciousness for 10 to 30 seconds
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Long-Term Memory (LTM)
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Memory stage that has a very large capaity to store information relatively permanently
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State Dependent Learning
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Theory stating that when we learn something in a specific physiological state, our recall of that information will be better when we are in the same physiological state
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Mnemonic Devices
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Procedures for associating new information with previously stored memories
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Method of Loci
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Use of familiar locations as cues to recall item that have been associated with them
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Pegword
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Use of familiar words or names as cues to trall items that have been associated with them
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Chunking
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Memorizing a list by grouping them together with similarities
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Serial Position Effect
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Tendency for items at the beginning and end of a list to be learned better than items in the middle
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Id
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In psychodynamic theory, the most basic element of the personality; it is the source of the instincts and operates on the pleasure principle
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Ego
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The element of the mid that operates according to the reality principle and serves to satisfy the id and superego
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Superego
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The element of the mind that incorporates parental and societal standards in what is commonly referred to as the conscience as well as the idealistic ego ideal
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Oral Stage
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The first stage of psychosexual development in whcih the mouth is the focus of pleasure-seeking activity
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Anal Stage
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Second stage of psychosexual development, during which the focus of pleasure is the anus and conflict often occurs as efforts are made to toilet-train the child
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Phallic Stage
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The third stage of psychosexual development, in which the genital organs become the focus of pleasure-seeking behavior
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Latency
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Stage of psychosecual development that extends from about age 6 until the onset of puberty and is characterized byu low levels of sexual interest
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Genital Stage
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Stage of psychosexual development that begins at puberty and usually leads to normal adult sexual development
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Oedipus Complex
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Process the occurs during the phallic stage in which a bou wishes to possess his mother suxually and gear retaliation by his father
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Pleasure Principle
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Continuously drives one to seek pleasure and to avoid pain
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Reality Principle
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Compels one to defer instant gratification when necessary because of the obstacles of reality
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Free Association
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A psychoanalytic technique in which the patient is asked to say whatever comes to mind without censoring anything
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