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44 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Definition of psychology:
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The scientific study of human behavior and mental processes.
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List some of the early viewpoints of psychology:
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Aesclepius, Hippocrates, Structuralism, Functionalism, Rationalism, Empiricism, Behaviorism, Humanism, Gestalt, and Psychoanalysis.
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What is Nativism?
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The philosophical position that heredity provides individuals with inborn knowledge and abilities.
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What is Empiricism?
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The philosophical position that true knowledge comes through the scenes.
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What is Rationalism?
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The philosophical position that true knowledge comes through correct reasoning.
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What is psycho physics?
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The study of the relationship between the physical characteristics of stimuli and the conscious psychological experiences that are associated with them.
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What is differential psychology?
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The field of psychology that studies individual differences in physical, personality, and intellectual characteristics.
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What is Structuralism?
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The psychological viewpoint that sought to identify the components of the conscious mind.
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What is functionalism?
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The viewpoint that studied how the conscious mind helps the individual adapt to the environment.
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What is analytic introspection?
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A research method in which high trained participants report the contents of their conscious mental experiences.
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What is, and who found psychoanalysis?
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Sigmund Freud, the viewpoint that emphasizes the importance of unconscious causes of behavior.
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What is psychic determinism?
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The Freudian assumption that all human behavior is influenced by unconscious motives.
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What is Behaviorism?
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The viewpoint that rejects the study of mental processes in favor of the study of overt behavior.
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What is Gestalt Psychology?
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The early viewpoint that claimed that we perceive and think about wholes rather than simply combinations of separate elements.
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What is the phi phenomenon?
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Apparent motion caused by the presentation of different visual stimuli in rapid succession. (Movies)
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What is the humanistic perspective?
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The viewpoint that holds that the proper subject matter of psychology is the individual's subjective mental experience of the world.
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What are the basic roots of psychology?
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Philosophy and science/medicine.
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What are the recent perspectives on psychology?
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Cognitivism(Cognitive perspective), Neuroscience and biopsychology, evolutionary psychology, and the social-cultural perspective.
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What is Cognitivism?
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The viewpoint that favors the study of how the mind organizes perceptions, processes information, and interprets experiences.
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What is the biopsychological perspective?
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The viewpoint that stresses the relationship of physiological factors to behavior and mental processes.
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What is the social-cultural perspective?
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The viewpoint that favors the scientific study of human behavior in its social cultural context.
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What is evolutionary psychology?
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The study of the evolution of behavior through natural selection.
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What is behavioral neuroscience?
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The field that studies the physiological bases of human and animal behavior and mental processes.
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What is psychiatry?
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The field of medicine that diagnoses and treats psychological disorders by using medical or psychological forms of therapy.
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What are the general questions behind psychology?
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Human behavior, consciousness, questions of existence, and human development.
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What are the four goals of research?
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To explain, describe, predict and control.
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What are the five basic steps to the scientific method?
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1. Provide a Rationale
2. Conduct the Study 3. Analyze the Data 4. Replicate the Study 5. Communicate the findings. |
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What is a independent variable?
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A variable manipulated by the experimenter to determine its effect on another (dependent) variable.
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What is a hypothesis?
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A testable prediction about the relationship between two or more events or characteristics.
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What is a dependent variable?
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A variable showing the effect of the independent variable.
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What is a Control Group?
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The participants in an experiment who are not exposed to the experimental condition of interest.
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What is a Experimental Group?
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Participants in an experiment who are exposed to the experimental condition of interest.
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What is Random Assignment?
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The assignment of participants to experimental and control conditions so that each participant is as likely to be assigned to one condition as the other.
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Definition of validity?
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The extent to which a test measures what it is supposed to measure.
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Definition of reliability?
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The extent to which a test gives consistent results.
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Definition of correlation and causation?
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Correlation: The degree of relationship between two or more variables.
Causation: An effect of one variable on another variable. |
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What are the three measures of central tendency?
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Mean, median, and mode.
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What does double blind mean in an experiment?
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The procedure that controls experimenter bias and participant bias by preventing experimenters and participants from knowing which participants have been assigned to particular conditions.
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What is a confounding variable?
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A variable whose unwanted effect on the dependent variable might be confused wit that of the independent variable.
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Definition of theory?
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An integrated set of statements that summaries and explains research findings and from which research hypotheses can be derived.
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Definition of mean, median, and mode?
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Mean: The arithmetic average of a set of scores.
Median: The middle score in a set that have been ordered highest to lowest. Mode: The score that occurs most often. |
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What sources can be used outside of the scientific method?
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Common sense, authority, and reasoning.
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What are the ethical standards for conducting research?
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Confidentiality, informed consent, freedom to withdraw, ethical treatment of animals and human participants.
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What must be done if a participant is deceived?
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They must be debriefed.
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