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64 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Behaviorism
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The view that psychology
(1) should be an objective science that (2) studies behavior without reference to mental processes. Most research psychologist today agree with (1) but not with (2). |
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Humanistic Psychology
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Historically significant perspective that emphasized the growth potential of healthy people and the individual's potential for personal growth.
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Cognitive Neuroscience
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The interdisciplinary study of the brain activity linked with cognition (including perception thinking, memory, and language).
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Psychology
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The science of behavior and mental processes.
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Nature-nuture Issue
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The longstanding controversy over the relative contributions that genes and experience make to the development of psychological traits and behaviors. Today's science sees traits and behaviors arising from the interaction of nature and nurture.
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What is Psychology?
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The study of biology and philosophy.
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Levels of Analysis
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The differing complementary views, from biological to psychological to social-cultural, for analyzing any given phenomenon.
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Biopsychosocial Approach
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An integrated approach that incorporates biological, psychological, and social-cultural levels of analysis.
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What are some of Psychology's subfields?
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Basic Research
Applied Research Counseling Psychologists Clinical Psychologists Psychiatrists |
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Basic Research
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Pure science that aims to increase the scientific knowledge base.
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Applied Research
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Scientific study that aims to solve practical problems.
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Counseling Psychology
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A branch of psychology that assists people with problems in living (often related to school, work, or marriage) and in achieving greater well-being.
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Clinical Psychology
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A branch of psychology that studies, assesses, and treats people with psychological disorders.
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Psychiatry
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A branch of medicine dealing with psychological disorders; practiced by physicians who sometimes provide medical (for example, drug) treatments as well as psychological therapy.
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Hindsight Bias
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The tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that we would have foreseen it. (Also known as the I-knew-it-all-along phenomenon)
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Overconfidence
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The act of thinking we know more then we really do.
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Critical Thinking
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Thinking that does not blindly accept arguments and conclusions. Rather, it examines assumptions, discerns hidden values, evaluates evidence, and assesses conclusions.
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Hindsight bias refers to our tendency to
(a) Perceive events as obvious or inevitable after the fact. (b) Be more confident than correct in estimating distances. (c) Overestimate our ability to predict the future. (d) Make judgements that fly in the face of common sense. |
(a) Perceive events as obvious or inevitable after the fact
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As scientists, psychologists view theories with curiosity, skepticism, and humility. This means that they
(a) Approach research with a negative cynicism. (b) Assume that an article published in a reputable journal must be true. (c) Believe that every important human question can be studied scientifically (d) Are willing to ask questions and to reject claims that cannot be verified by research. |
(d) Are willing to ask questions and to reject claims that cannot be verified by research.
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A newspaper article describes how a "cure for cancer has been found." A critical thinker probably will
(a) Dismiss the article as untrue (b) Accept the information as a wonderful breakthrough. (c) Question the article, evaluate the evidence, and assess the conclusions. (d) Question the article but quickly accept it as true if the author has an excellent reputation. |
(c) Question the article, evaluate the evidence, and assess the conclusions.
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Theory
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An explanation using an integrated set of principles that organizes observations and predicts behaviors or events.
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Hypothesis
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A testable prediction, often implied by a theory.
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Operational Definition
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A statement of the procedures (operations) used to define research variables. For example, human intelligence may be operationally defined as "what an intelligence tests measures."
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Replication
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Repeating the essence of a research study, usually with different participants in different situations, to see whether the basic finding extends to other participants and circumstances.
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Case Study
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An observation technique in which one person is studied in depth in hope of revealing universal principles.
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Perspective: Neuroscience
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How the body and brain enable emotions, memories, and sensory experiences.
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Perspective: Evolutionary
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How the natural selection of traits promoted the survival of genes.
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Perspective: Behavior Genetics
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How much our genes and our environment influence our individual differences.
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Perspective: Psychodynamic
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How behavior springs from unconscious drives and conflicts
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Perspective: Behavioral
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How we learn observable responses.
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Perspective: Cognitive
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How we encode, process, store, and retrieve information.
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Perspective: Social-cultural
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How behavior and thinking vary across situations and cultures.
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Survey
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A technique for ascertaining the self-reported attitudes or behaviors of a particular group, usually by questioning a representative, random sample of the group.
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Population
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All the cases in a group being studied, from which samples may be drawn. (Note: Except for national studies, this does not refer to a country's whole population.)
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Random Sample
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A sample that fairly represents a population because each member has an equal chance of inclusion.
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Naturalistic Observation
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Observing and recording behavior in naturally occurring situations without trying to manipulate and control the situation.
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Correlation
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The extend to which two factors vary together, and thus of how well either factor predicts the other. The correlation coefficient is the mathematical expression of the relationship, ranging from -1 to +1.
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Illusionary Correlation
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The perception of a relationship where none exists.
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What is a positive correlation?
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A direct relationship, meaning that two things increase together or decrease together. (Between 0 and +1.00)
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What is a negative correlation?
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An inverse relationship: As one thing increases, the other decreases. (Between 0 and -1.00)
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The more young children watch TV, the less they read (Kaiser, 2003)
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Negative correlation
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The more sexual content teens see on TV, the more likely they are to have sex (Collins et al., 2004)
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Positive correlation
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The longer children are breast-fed, the greater their later academic achievement (Horwood & Fergusson, 1998).
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Positive correlation
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The more often adolescents eat breakfast, the lower their body mass index (Timlin et al., 2008)
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Negative correlation
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Low self-esteem leads to higher depression is what type of correlation?
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Negative correlation
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The predictions implied by a theory are called
(a) Operational Definitions (b) Correlations (c) Hypothesis (d) Replication |
(c) Correlations
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Which of the following is NOT one of the techniques psychologists use to observe and describe behavior?
(a) A case study (b) Naturalistic observation (c) Correlational Research (d) A phone survey |
(c) Correlational Research
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You wish to take an accurate poll in a certain country by questioning people who truly represent the country's adult population. Therefore, you need to ensure that you question
(a) at least 50 percent males and 50 percent females. (b) a small but intelligent sample of the population. (c) a very large sample of the population (d) a random sample of the population |
(d) A random sample of the population
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A study finds that the more childbirth training classes women attend, the less pain medication they require during childbirth. This finding can be stated as a(n)
(a) positive correlation (b) negative correlation (c) cause-effect relationship (d) illusory correlation |
(b) Negative correlation
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Knowing that two events are correlated provides
(a) a basis for prediction (b) an explanation of why the events are related (c) proof that as one increases, the other increases (d) an indication that an underlying third faction is at work |
(a) a basis for prediciton
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Some people wrongly perceive that their dreams predict future events. This is an example of a(n) ____________ correlation.
(a) negative (b) position (c) illusory (d) naturalistic |
(c) Illusory
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Experiment
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A research method in which an investigator manipulates one or more factions (independent variables) to observe the effect on some behavior or mental process (the dependent variable). By random assignment of participants, the experimenter aims to control other relevant factors
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Random assignment
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Assigning participants to experimental and control groups by chance, thus minimizing preexisting differences between those assigned to the different groups.
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Experimental group
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In an experiment, the group that is exposed to the treatment, that is, to one version of the independent variable.
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Control group
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In an experiment, the group that is not exposed to the treatment; contrasts with the experimental group and servers as a comparison for evaluating the effect of the treatment.
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Double-blind procedure
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An experimental procedure in which both the research participants and the research staff are ignorant (blind) about whether the research participants have received the treatment or a placebo. Commonly used in drug-evaluation studies.
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Placebo [pluh-SEE-bo; Latin for "I shall please"] effect
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Experimental results caused by expectations alone; any effect on behavior caused by the administration of an inert substance or condition, which the recipient assumes in active agent
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Independent variable
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The experimental factor that is manipulated; the variable whose effect is being studied.
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Dependent variable
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The outcome factor; the variable that may change in response to manipulations of the independent variable.
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Research Method: Descriptive
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To observe and record behavior
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Research Method: Correlational
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To detect naturally occurring relationships; to assess how well one variable predicts another
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Research Method: Experimental
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To explore cause and effect.
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Culture
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The enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, and traditions shared by a group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next.
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SQ3R
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A study method incorporating five steps: Survey, Question, Read, Rehearse, Review.
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