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33 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Scientific method |
A self-correcting process for evaluating ideas with observation and analysis. |
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The prediction will be revised or rejected |
What happens to failed predictions? |
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Theory |
An explanation using an integrated set of principles that organizes observations and predicts behaviors or events. It is not a mere hunch. |
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It organizes isolated facts |
How does a theory simplify things |
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Principles |
The theory about the effects of sleep on memory, for example, helps us organize countless sleep related observations into a short list of ____? |
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Hypothesis |
A testable prediction, often implied by a theory. |
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Operational definition |
A carefully worded statement of the exact procedures (operations) used in a research study. For example, human intelligence may be operationally defined as what an intelligent test measures. |
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Replication |
Repeating the essence of a research study, usually with different participants in different situations, to see whether the basic findings extends to other participants and circumstances. |
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Descriptive method |
Describe behaviors, often by using case studies, surveys, or naturalistic observations. |
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Correlational methods |
Associate different factors, or variables. |
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Variables |
Refers to anything that contributes to a result |
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Experimental methods |
Manipulate variables to discover their effects |
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Case studies |
It descriptive technique in which one individual or group is studied in depth in the hope of revealing universal principles |
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Naturalistic observation |
Observing and recording behavior in naturally occurring situations without trying to manipulate and control the situation |
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Surveys and interviews |
By asking people questions |
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If an individual is atypical |
How can a case study end up being misleading |
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Naturalistic observations |
A second descriptive method that records behavior in natural environments |
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Describes it |
Like the case study, naturalistic observation does not explain behavior. It ________. |
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Inner speech |
the act of silently talking to yourself |
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Inner seeing |
An example would be imagining your friends face |
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Sensory awareness |
An example would be feeling a cold breeze on your neck |
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Unsymbolized thinking |
An example will be wondering whether or not the workers will drop bricks. |
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But it does so without controlling for all the variables that may influence behavior |
Naturalistic observation offers interesting snapshots everyday life, but _____. |
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Survey |
A technique for ascertaining the self-reported attitudes or behaviors of a particular group, usually by questioning a representative, random sample of the group. |
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Asking questions is tricky, and the answers often depend on the ways questions are worded and respondents are chosen. |
What is one weakness of surveys |
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Sampling bias |
A flawed sampling process that produces an unrepresentative sample. |
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Population |
All those in a group being studied, from which samples may be drawn. Except for national studies, this does not refer to a country's whole population. |
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Random sample |
A sample that fairly represents a population because each member has an equal chance of inclusion. |
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Typically you would seek a random sample, which every person in the entire group has an equal chance of participating. You might number the names and the general student listing and then use a random number generator to pick your survey participants. |
the best basis for generalizing is from a representative sample. How would you get a representative sample |
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True |
Large representative samples are better than small ones, but a small representative sample of 100 is better than an unrepresentative sample of 500. True or false |
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Random selection |
What is another term for random sampling |
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True |
Without random sampling, large samples, including call in phone samples and TV or other website poles (think of American idol fans voting) often merely give misleading results. True or false |
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True |
You cannot compensate for an unrepresentative sample by simply adding more people. True or false |