Psych Midterm2 Chap5

Front 1

Judy and Jessica hang around people their same age. These people are most accurately described as:
A. friends.B. buddies.C. peers.D. chums.

Back 1

C. peers.

Front 2

The process of grouping individuals within social institutions on the basis of chronological age is called:
A. mainstreaming.B. tracking.C. age grading.D. reference grouping.

Back 2

C. age grading.

Front 3

A group of individuals who are born during a particular time period (e.g., the baby boomers) is known as what?
A. a generation XB. a cohortC. an age-graded societyD. a census group

Back 3

B. a cohor

Front 4

During the first half of the 21st century, the adolescent population is expected to:A. decrease.B. increase.C. remain constant.D. unable to predict.

Back 4

C. remain constant.

Front 5

According to some commentators, teenagers have become separate from adult society to such an extent that they haveestablished their own society, which undermines parents' authority and emphasizes peer deviance. This society is called:A. the Woodstock generation.B. the dead poet's society.C. the lost boys.D. the youth culture.

Back 5

D. the youth culture.

Front 6

In The Adolescent Society, Coleman expressed concern over the finding that adolescents:A. showed high rates of drug and alcohol abuse.B. reported frequent periods of loneliness.C. placed a greater emphasis on good looks, wealth, and athletic ability than academic success.D. spent more time with their parents than with their peers.

Back 6

C. placed a greater emphasis on good looks, wealth, and athletic ability than academic success.

Front 7

Henry believes that the rise of adolescent peer groups has contributed to the rise of adolescent crime and drug use. Which ofthe following statements refutes this belief?

A. Even though society has continued to become increasingly age segregated, the rates of many adolescent problem behaviorshave fluctuated considerably over the past few decades.
B. Contemporary adolescents spend more time in peer groups than adolescents did in past eras.
C. Today's adolescents are more susceptible to the influence of their friends than adolescents were in past eras.
D. Peers indeed have a universally bad influence on each other.

Back 7

A. Even though society has continued to become increasingly age segregated, the rates of many adolescent problem behaviors have fluctuated considerably over the past few decades.

Front 8

Research about contemporary adolescents is clear that these adolescents ________ than adolescents in previous times.
A. are more susceptible to the influences of their peersB. are at higher risk for problem behaviors because of peer influenceC. spend more time in peer groupsD. report more positive experiences from their involvement in peer groups

Back 8

C. spend more time in peer groups

Front 9

What generalization can you make about the nature of peer influence in adolescence?A. Girls are more susceptible to the influences of their peers than boys.B. Peers are more likely to encourage adolescents to behave in ways that adults disapprove than to encourage each other toengage in activities that adults approve, such as school.C. It is unwise to generalize about the nature of peer influence; peers can exert both positive and negative influences.D. The majority of peers encourage each other to value academic achievement.

Back 9

C. It is unwise to generalize about the nature of peer influence; peers can exert both positive and negative influences.

Front 10

A large, nationally representative sample of adolescents found that adolescents' friendship groups fell into one of four profiles.Which was the group that consisted of friends who were engaged in school, achieved decent grates, and neither abstainedfrom nor abused alcohol?A. disengagedB. engagedC. high functioningD. maladjusted

Back 10

B. engaged

Front 11

. Research on the structure of cliques during high school has suggested that adolescents can fall into any of the followingcategories, except:A. liaisons.B. isolates.C. clique members.D. clique avoiders

Back 11

D. clique avoiders

Front 12

According to Brown's (2004) study of crowds in high school, what fraction of adolescents do not fit clearly into any crowd?A. one-sixthB. one-halfC. two-thirdsD. one-third

Back 12

A. one-sixth

Front 13

Which adolescent is most likely to have a decrease in time spent with parents and a dramatic increase in the amount of timespent with peers?A. Maya, a White femaleB. Rosalia, a Hispanic-American femaleC. Hillary, a Black femaleD. Mike, an Asian-American male

Back 13

A. Maya, a White female

Front 14

Jamie is a preadolescent. Her friendship circle is largely comprised of other young girls. Based on this information, what hasJamie's social life been influenced by?A. age-gradingB. sex segregationC. cliquesD. the baby boom

Back 14

C. cliques

Front 15

During childhood, boys typically associate with boys, while girls primarily associate with other girls. This separation of boysand girls has been referred to as:A. brother-sister avoidance.B. sex segregation.C. youth culture.D. sex grading.

Back 15

B. sex segregation

Front 16

A more sophisticated understanding of social relationships leads adolescents to gather in crowds. This is an example of whichadolescent transition?A. biologicalB. cognitiveC. socialD. All of the above

Back 16

D. All of the above

Front 17

Steve eats lunch with Jeff, Hans, and Mike every day. After school, they play computer games and talk about girls. This groupof boys is called:A. a crowd.B. a clique.C. a reference group.D. a youth culture.

Back 17

B. a clique

Front 18

Druggies," "jocks," and "nerds" are examples of:A. crowds.B. cliques.C. youth cultures.D. gangs

Back 18

A. crowds

Front 19

In contrast to crowds, cliques:A. are settings for adolescents' intimate interactions.B. help adolescents locate themselves within the social structure of their school.C. channel adolescents into associations with some peers and away from others.D. provide contexts that reward certain lifestyles and disparage others.

Back 19

A. are settings for adolescents' intimate interactions

Front 20

Andrea, a 15-year-old, is most likely to learn social skills in a ________ and develop her sense of identity in a ________.A. crowd; crowdB. crowd; cliqueC. clique; crowdD. clique; clique

Back 20

C. clique; crowd

Front 21

Dr. Whitney wanted to study the structure of adolescents' peer groups. She pretended to be a newcomer to the community andattended the local high school. She met a group of students and eventually joined their group. This type of observation iscalled:A. naturalistic observation.B. an ethnographic approach.C. a demographic approach.D. participant observation

Back 21

D. participant observation.

Front 22

. In early adolescence, _____ friendships are most common, and in late adolescence, _____ friendships are common.A. same sex; opposite sexB. same sex; same sexC. opposite sex; same sexD. opposite sex; opposite sex

Back 22

A. same sex; opposite sex

Front 23

Mixed-sex cliques start becoming more prevalent during:A. childhood.B. preadolescence.C. middle adolescence.D. late adolescence.

Back 23

C. middle adolescence.

Front 24

According to the research, conformity to peer pressure:A. peaks in adolescence and remains high into adulthood.B. peaks in adolescence relative to childhood and adulthood.C. shows a linear increase from childhood into adulthood.D. shows a linear decrease from childhood into adulthood.

Back 24

A. peaks in adolescence and remains high into adulthood

Front 25

By the end of high school, crowds:A. have become a defining influence in the adolescent's life.B. increasingly gain in importance for an adolescent's identity.C. become less important to adolescents.D. peak in their importance to adolescents.

Back 25

C. become less important to adolescents.

Front 26

Adolescent peer groups fall along two dimensions:A. intelligence level; sociabilityB. adult orientation; peer orientationC. maturity; identityD. demandingness; responsiveness

Back 26

B. adult orientation; peer orientation

Front 27

Tommy values education and works hard in school but also enjoys hanging out with his friends on the weekend. Which peercrowd is Tommy most likely to belong to?A. "nerds"B. "populars"C. "partyers"D. "toughs"

Back 27

B. "populars"

Front 28

A group against which an individual compares himself or herself is called:A. a clique.B. a reference group.C. a crowd.D. a youth culture.

Back 28

B. a reference group.

Front 29

Compared to jocks, adolescents from which of the following crowds experience more peer pressure to misbehave?A. "nerds"B. "populars"C. "druggies"D. "normals"

Back 29

C. "druggies"

Front 30

Chuck is a member of a higher status crowd at his school. According to the textbook, which of the following statements istrue?A. Chuck likely has high self-esteem.B. Chuck likely feels a lot of pressure to be "cool."C. Chuck likely holds quite a few misconceptions about his peers.D. Chuck likely has a diffused identity status

Back 30

A. Chuck likely has high self-esteem

Front 31

Eleanor Maccoby states all of the following reasons that adolescents separate themselves into same-sex cliques, except:A. cliques are formed on the basis of shared activities and interests.B. adolescents' increasing concerns about sex roles.C. adolescents' concerns about being ostracized by their friends for engaging in cross-sex activities.D. parents' fears that cross-sex cliques will lead to early sexual activity.

Back 31

D. parents' fears that cross-sex cliques will lead to early sexual activity.

Front 32

By middle to late adolescence, cliques are often segregated by race. All of the following are possible explanations for thisphenomenon, except:A. differential abilities in athletics.B. socioeconomic influences.C. differential levels of academic achievement.D. attitudes toward other races.

Back 32

A. differential abilities in athletics.

Front 33

. Felicia has a problematic relationship with her parents. All of the following negative effects are likely to occur for Felicia,except:A. development of an antisocial disposition.B. active school involvement.C. school failure.D. rejection by classmates.

Back 33

B. active school involvement.

Front 34

Some researchers have tried to teach adolescents to use nonviolent forms of conflict resolution. Are these programs effective?A. Yes, these programs are typically very successful.B. No, such nonviolent behaviors can make adolescents appear weak.C. The textbook indicates that these programs have produced conflicting findings.D. Yes, but only in urban neighborhoods with a high proportion of Black adolescents.

Back 34

B. No, such nonviolent behaviors can make adolescents appear weak

Front 35

According to the textbook and in regard to gangs, all of the following are true except:A. gang members tend to have more emotional and behavioral problems than other adolescents who are involved in antisocialactivity but who are not gang membersB. gangs are usually identified by name and common symbolsC. gang members tend to be more isolated from their familiesD. gang members have better self-conceptions than other adolescents who are involved in antisocial activity but who are notgang members.

Back 35

D. gang members have better self-conceptions than other adolescents who are involved in antisocial activity but who are notgang members.

Front 36

According to an example provided in the textbook, a crowd member that has less social capitol who is a really nice,thoughtful, and funny person may be high in _____ popularity but low in _____ popularity.A. sociometric; perceivedB. perceived; sociometricC. status popularity; opposite-sexD. adult oriented; peer-oriented

Back 36

A. sociometric; perceived

Front 37

Why is it so hard to teach adolescents to "just say no" to things adults disapprove, such as drinking, smoking, and having riskysex?A. Unfortunately, these behaviors are typically associated with being popular.B. Unfortunately, adolescents are unwilling (or unable) to resist peer influence.C. Neither A nor B is true.D. Both A and B are true.

Back 37

D. Both A and B are true.

Front 38

Which of the following statements about cliques is false?A. Cliques are typically more emotionally salient for adolescents involved in antisocial behavior.B. Cliques are typically composed of adolescents from the same socioeconomic background.C. Cliques are typically composed of friends with similar interests and attitudes.D. Cliques rarely have members who differ in age.

Back 38

A. Cliques are typically more emotionally salient for adolescents involved in antisocial behavior.

Front 39

. All of the following are classifications for unpopular or disliked adolescents, except:A. aggressive.B. withdrawn.C. aggressive-withdrawn.D. offensive-reclusive.

Back 39

D. offensive-reclusive.

Front 40

Karen, a ninth-grader, was mad at Cheryl for spilling juice on Karen's shirt. Karen spread a rumor that Cheryl had gossipedabout her friends. Karen is using _____ to express her aggression toward Cheryl.A. relational aggressionB. hostile attributional biasC. aggressive-withdrawalD. bullying

Back 40

A. relational aggression

Front 41

Who is at the greatest risk of developing psychological problems as a result of peer rejection?A. an aggressive childB. a withdrawn childC. an aggressive-withdrawn childD. a reclusive child

Back 41

C. an aggressive-withdrawn child

Front 42

Dan planned a party and invited his whole English class by passing out personal invitations. Dan accidentally forgot to makean invitation for Sam. Sam assumed he intentionally wasn't invited and became irate at Dan for excluding him. This is anexample of:A. relational aggression.B. hostile attributional bias.C. aggressive-withdrawal.D. bullying.

Back 42

B. hostile attributional bias.

Front 43

According to the textbook, victims of cyberbullying often report all of the following adjustment problems, except:A. low self-esteem.B. academic difficulties.C. parent-child conflict.D. depression.

Back 43

C. parent-child conflict.

Front 44

Pepler, Jiang, Craig, and Connolly (2008) studied a sample of 10- to 17-year-old Toronto youths and found that:A. about 40 percent of adolescents have never bullied anyone.B. nearly all adolescents surveyed had engaged in bullying of some form.C. a correlation exists between bully victimization and drug abuse.D. victims of harassment are less likely to engage in bullying of others

Back 44

A. about 40 percent of adolescents have never bullied anyone

Front 45

Interventions designed to help unpopular adolescents improve their social skills have employed which of the followingtechniques?A. explaining to adolescents that they need to develop a thicker psychological skin in order to make friendsB. having adolescents wait patiently until another person engages them in conversationC. teaching social skills like self-expression and leadership techniquesD. teaching joke-telling skills to improve their likeability among other adolescents

Back 45

C. teaching social skills like self-expression and leadership techniques

Front 46

In contrast to the role of the peer group in adolescent development, the family is best suited for helping the adolescent withregard to:A. intimacy.B. responsibility.C. social interactions.D. leisure.

Back 46

B. responsibility

Front 47

Online harassment is ________ in-person harassment.A. as common asB. more common thanC. less common thanD. not as likely to have negative effects on victims' emotional well-being as

Back 47

C. less common than

Front 48

What is the most effective way to respond to a bully?A. to fight backB. to do nothing/to walk awayC. to get help from an adultD. to use a variety of strategies

Back 48

B. to do nothing/to walk away

Front 49

The main reason that reactive aggression is associated with unpopularity and greater problems with peers is that reactiveaggression is characterized by:A. a combination of aggression and poor emotion regulation or lack of social skills.B. a combination of bad karma and well-developed social skills.C. a combination of delinquent behaviors and extreme shyness in social situations.D. a combination of being female and plotting an aggressive response in advance.

Back 49

A. a combination of aggression and poor emotion regulation or lack of social skills