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111 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
sense
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system that translates info from outside the nervous system into neural activity
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sensations
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messages from senses
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light
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form of energy called electromagnetic radiation
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accessory structures
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modify environmental energy before the energy is actually detected by the sensory system
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transduction
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transformation of incoming energy into neural activity
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sensory receptors
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specialized cells that detect different forms of energy
-responds best to changes in enviro. |
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adaptation
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sensory systems gradually respond less when stimuli do not change
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sensory nerves
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carry the output from receptors to the CNS and brain
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coding
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change of an object's physical traits into a pattern of neural activity that precisely IDs those physical traits
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doctrine of specific nerve energies
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each sensory system will produce codes ony for tha sense
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temporal codes
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cause changes in neural activity rates on training
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spatial codes
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represented by the physical location of neural activity
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contralaterality
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nerve fibers from each side of the body cross on their way to the thalamus
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topographical representations
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brain has maps of each sense
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primary cortex
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area that recieves input directly from the thalamus for the sense
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light
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form of energy called electromagnetic radiation
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sense
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system that translates info from outside the nervous system into neural activity
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sensations
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messages from senses
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|
accessory structures
|
modify environmental energy before the energy is actually detected by the sensory system
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transduction
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transformation of incoming energy into neural activity
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sensory receptors
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specialized cells that detect different forms of energy
-responds best to changes in enviro. |
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adaptation
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sensory systems gradually respond less when stimuli do not change
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sensory nerves
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carry the output from receptors to the CNS and brain
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coding
|
change of an object's physical traits into a pattern of neural activity that precisely IDs those physical traits
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doctrine of specific nerve energies
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each sensory system will produce codes ony for tha sense
|
|
temporal codes
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cause changes in neural activity rates on training
|
|
spatial codes
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represented by the physical location of neural activity
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|
contralaterality
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nerve fibers from each side of the body cross on their way to the thalamus
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topographical representations
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brain has maps of each sense
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primary cortex
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area that recieves input directly from the thalamus for the sense
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light
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form of energy called electromagnetic radiation
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cornea
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an accessory structure of the eye. a curved, transparent, protective layer that light rays enter through
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pupil
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opening behind the cornea
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iris
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adjusts the amount of light allowed in the eye
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lens
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directly behind pupil, curved to bend light rays
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retinas
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surface at the back of the eye
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accommodation
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ability to change shape of lens to focus objects on retina
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visual transduction
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conversion of light energy into neural activity
-takes place in retina |
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photoreceptors
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specialized cells in the retina that convert light energy into neural activity
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photopigments
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chemicals that respond to light
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dark adaptation
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increasing ability to see in the dark over time
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cones
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part of the retina, uses 1 of 3 varieties of rodopsin photopigments, each of which is sensitive to different light wavelengths
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rods
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part of the retina that uses the photopigment rhodopsin which is much more light-sensitive but cannot tell colors
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optic nerve
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formed by the axons of the ganglion cells and extend from the eye and into the brain
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receptive field
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the stimulus characteristic that neuron responds to optimally
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optic nerve
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axons from ganglion cells a bundle of fibers and exits the eyeball
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lateral geniculate nucleus
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where axons from most of the ganglion cells in te retina send messages
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hue
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the essential color, determined by the dominant wavelength
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sensation
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purity of color
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brightness
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intensity of the wavelength
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additive color mixing
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the effects of each lights wavelengths are added together
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subtractive color mixing
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two paints absorb/subtract more wavelengths of light than either does alone- black
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synesthesia
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senses interact because brain areas that process color are near areas that process letters and numbers
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computational approach
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studies the computations a machine would have to do to solve perceptual problems
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constructivist approach
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reality is constructed from fragments of sensory info which the perceptual process give meanings
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ecological approach
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stimuli directly gives the cues needed to make sense of the world
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pschophysics
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the relationship between physical energy in the environment and psychological experience of it
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absolute threshold
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the minimum detectable amount of energy a sensory system can detect 50% of the tme
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subliminal stimuli
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stimuli that falls below threshold
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supraliminal stimuli
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stimuli that fall above the threshold
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sensitivity
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a person's ability to pick out a particular stimulus or signal
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internalnoise
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random firing of neurons; always present and constantly changing
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response criterion
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willingness or reluctance to say that a stimulus is present
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false alarm
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no signal is presented, but noise levels are so high that the participant decides that there was a signal
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miss
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a signal occurs but it is so faint that it does not produce enough perceptual stimulation for detection
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hit
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when a signal occurs and the participant detects it
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just-noticeable difference
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the smallest difference between stimuli that we can detect
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weber's law
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the smallest detectable difference in stimulus energy is a constant fraction of the intensity of the stimulus
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magnitude estimation
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how perception of stimulus intensity is related to actual stimuli strength
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fechner''s law
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as stimulus magnitude increases, an increase in physical energy is necessary to obtain equal changes in perceived magnitude
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stevens's power law
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includes a factor that takes into account the different sensitivity of various sensory systems
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perceptual organization
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determines what stimuli are together to from an object
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figure-ground organization
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the perceptual apparatus automatically picks out some objects or sounds to be figures while others are relegated to be the ground
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gestalt psychology
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perceive sights and sounds as organized wholes
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grouping
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properties of stimulus environment lead to grouping them together
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proximity
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closer objects or events more likely to be perceived to be part of a group
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similarity
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similar elements perceived to be part of a group
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continuity
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sensations that appear to creat a continuous are perceieved as belonging together
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closure
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tend to fill in missing contours to form a complete object
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common fate
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sets of objects moving in the same direction at the same speed are perceived as a group
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likelihood principle
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perceived objects in the way that experience tells us is the most likely physical arrangement
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simplicity principle
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organize stimulus elements in a way that gives the simplest possible perception
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auditory sense analysis
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perceptual process of mentally representing and interpreting sounds
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2-D location
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brain estimates an object's tru location relative to the body, taking into account where the image strikes the retina and adjusts it based on info about movement of the eyes and head
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visual dominance
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bias of using visual info when it conflicts with info from another sense
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accomodation
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the muscles surrounding the lens either lighten (close) or relax (distant)
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convergence
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eyes rotate inward to project the image of an object on each retina
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binocular disparity
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the difference between the two retinal images of an object provides distant cues
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looming
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rapid expansion in the size of an image so that it fills the reina, is automatically percieved as an approaching stimulus and not an expanding object
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stroboscopic motion
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tendency to interpret as continuous motion a series of still images flashed in rapid succesion
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perceptual constancy
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perception of objects as constant in size, shape, color, and other properties despite changes in their retinal image
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size
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as objects move closer or farther away the brain percieves the change in distance and automatically adjust the perception
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shape
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even though the shape of an object's retinal image chhanges it's shape stays the same
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brightness
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as the amount of light striking an object changes it's perceived brightness remains constant
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top-down processing
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guides by knowledge, expectations and other psychological factors
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bottom-up processing
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relies or specific detailed info elements that are integrated and assembled into a whole by sensory receptors
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feature detectors
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cortical cells that fire in response to only certain basic features
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schemas
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mental representations of what we know and have come to expect about the world
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perceptual set
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a bias to perceive a stimulus in a certain way
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motivation
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factors that influence the initiation, direction, intensity, and persistance of behavior
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motives
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provide a reason for why someone does something
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size
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as objects move closer or farther away the brain percieves the change in distance and automatically adjust the perception
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shape
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even though the shape of an object's retinal image chhanges it's shape stays the same
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brightness
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as the amount of light striking an object changes it's perceived brightness remains constant
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top-down processing
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guides by knowledge, expectations and other psychological factors
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bottom-up processing
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relies or specific detailed info elements that are integrated and assembled into a whole by sensory receptors
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feature detectors
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cortical cells that fire in response to only certain basic features
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schemas
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mental representations of what we know and have come to expect about the world
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perceptual set
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a bias to perceive a stimulus in a certain way
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motivation
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factors that influence the initiation, direction, intensity, and persistance of behavior
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motives
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provide a reason for why someone does something
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