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125 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
circadian rhythm
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cyclical changes that occur on a 24-hour basis; disrupted by jet lag, graveyard work shifts
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biological clock
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located in SCN in hypothalamus
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loss of 1 night of sleep
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edgy, irritable, low concentration
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multiple nights of sleep lost
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depression, difficulty learning new info
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more than 4 nights of sleep lost
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brief hallucination
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other consequences of sleep loss
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weight gain, high blood pressure, diabetes, heart problems, weakened immune system
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Stage 1 of Sleep (non-REM)
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a. Brain powers down by 50% or more, produces waves 4-7 times/second (theta waves)
b. Experience Hypnagogic imagery and hypnic myclonia c. 5-10 minutes |
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Stage 2 of sleep (non-REM)
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heart rate slows, body temp decreases, muscles relax, eye movements cease; we see sleep spindles and k-complexes; 10-30 minutes
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Stage 3/4 of sleep (non-REM)
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Deep sleep, delta waves occur in 1 or 2 times/second; 15-30 minutes
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Stage 5 paradoxical or REM sleep
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Follows stage 3/4 and short return to 2; brain is most active and dreaming, increased heart rate and blood pressure, rapid/irregular breathing, release of acetylcholine, 10-20 minutes; body is paralyzed
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insomnia causes
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a. depression, pain, med conditions
b. stress, rel'n probs, jet lag, caffeine c. Restless leg syndrome |
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insomnia treatments
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psychotherapy, sleeping pills
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narcolepsy
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plummet into REP sleep, may experience cataplexy, may be caused by lack of brain cells that produce orexin
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narcolepsy treatment
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short naps, antidepressant/stimulant meds, avoiding alcohol/caffeine
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dream protection theory
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dreams are protectors of sleep; to repress sexual and aggressive tendencies the dream-work transforms them into symbols (dreams)
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manifest content
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details of dream itself
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latent content
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true, hidden meaning
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activation-synthesis theory
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1. Pons transmit random signals to thalamus, which relays info to forebrain
2. Forebrain attempts to create story to fit together incomplete info it receives |
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role of forebrain
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decreased activity in logical centers of forebrain allow hallucinatory images from emotional centers to run wild
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neurocognitive perspective
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1. Content of dreams is driven in part by cognitive development
2. Dreams are more consistent than what would be expected if they were only driven by random neural impulses |
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causes of deja vu
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1. small seizures in right temporal lobe
2. dual processing theory- when input from separate neural pathways that process sensory info is out of sync |
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Hypnosis Myth 1: Hypnosis is trance state where amazing things happen
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Truth: people who are more suggestible are selected by hypnotist while still awake
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Hypnosis Myth 2: Hypnotic Phenomena are Unique
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Truth- people can experience many hypnotic phenomena without being hypnotized
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Myth 3: Hypnosis is a sleep-like state
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Hypnosis is not related to sleep, Brain waves are not the same
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Myth 4: Hypnotized people are unaware of surroundings
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People can hear phone conversations in same room
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Myth 5: Hypnotized people forget what happened during hypnosis
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Spontaneous amnesia is rare and occurs mainly among those who expect it
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Myth 6: Hypnosis improves memory
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Produces more inaccurate than accurate memories, increases confidence in inaccurate eyewitness testimony
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socio-cognitive theory
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a. People's attitudes about hypnosis shape their response
b. Those told they can resist hypnosis are more able to do so c. People can be trained to be more suggestible under hypnosis |
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Dissociation theory
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Based on a separation of personal functions that are normally well integrated, based on metaphor of hidden observer (unhypnotized part of mind that can be accessed on cue)
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social psychology
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study of how people influence others' behavior, beliefs, and attitudes for good and bad
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social facilitation
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enhancement of performance brought about by presence of others
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Social disruption
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worsening of behavior in presence of others
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attribution
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process of assigning causes to behavior
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fundamental attribution error
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tendency to overestimate the impact of dispositional influences on other people's behavior
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social comparison theory
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theory that we seek to evaluate our beliefs, attitudes, and abilities by comparing our reactions with others'
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deindividualization
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tendency of people to engage in uncharacteristic behavior when stripped of usual identities
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groupthink
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emphasis on group unanimity at expense of critical thinking and sound decision making
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groupthink treatment
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encourage active dissent, having a devils advocate, having independent experts o hand, holding follow-up meetings
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group polarization
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tendency of group discussion to strengthen the dominant positions held by individual group members
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innoculation theory
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approach to resisting persuasive appeal by first introducing reasons why perspective might be correct then debunking it
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pluralistic ignorance
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error of assuming no one in a group perceives things as we do (we're the only one who thinks the situation might be an emergency)
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cognitive dissonance
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unpleasant mental experience of tension resulting from 2 conflicting thoughts/beliefs
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peripheral route
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leads us to respond to persuasive arguments on basis of snap judgments
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central route
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leads us to evaluate merits of persuasive arguments carefully and thoughtfully
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explicit stereotypes
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beliefs about characteristics of an out-group , which we're aware
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implicit stereotypes
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beliefs about characteristics of an out-group, which we're consciously unaware
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adaptive conservatism
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evolutionary principle that creates predisposition toward distrusting anything or anyone unfamiliar or different
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just-world hypothesis
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claim that our attributions and behaviors are shaped by a deep-seated assumption that the world is fair and all things happen for a reason
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Robbers Cave Study
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cooperation toward a shared goal produced a dramatic decrease in hostility between 2 groups
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Nomothetic
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approach to personality that focuses on identifying general laws that govern behavior of all individuals
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idiographic
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approach to personality that focuses on identifying the unique configuration of characteristics and life history experiences within a person
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psychic determinism
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assumption that all psychological events have a cause
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assumptions of psychoanalytic theory
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psychic determinism, symbolic meaning, unconscious motivation
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conscious mind
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contact with outside world
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preconscious mind
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material just beneath the surface of awareness
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unconscious mind
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difficult to retrieve material, well below the surface of awareness, all psychic energy originates in unconscious
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id
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reservoir of our most primitive impulses, including sex and aggression- ruled by pleasure principle
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superego
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our sense of morality
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ego
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psyche's executive and principal decision maker - operates on reality principle
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repression
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motivated forgetting of emotionally threatening memories or impulses
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rationalization
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providing a reasonable-sounding explanation for unreasonable behaviors or failures
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displacement
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directing an impulse from a socially acceptable target onto a safer and more socially acceptable target
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oral stage
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12-18 mos- focuses on mouth; fixation causes dependance on others for reassurance
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anal stage
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18 mos-3 yrs- focuses on toilet training, fixation- prone to neatness, stinginess, and stubbornness in adulthood
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phallic stage
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3-6 yrs- focuses on genitals
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latency stage
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7-11- sexual impulses are submerged into unconscious
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genital stage
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adolescence- sexual impulses awaken and begin to mature into romantic attraction toward others
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adler's striving for superiority
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those with inferiority complexes are prone to attempt to demonstrate their superiority at all costs
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Jung's Analytic Psychology
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Collective unconscious- explains similarities across people in their emotional reactions to many features of the world
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Karen Horney
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women's sense of inferiority stems not from their anatomy, but from their excessive dependency on men- arises when opposite-sex parent is overly protective and same-sex parent is overly critical
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object relations theorists
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followers of Freud who emphasized children's mental representations of others
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behavioral views on personality development
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view personality as under the control of genetic factors and contingencies in the environment
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social learning views on personality development
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believe behaviorists have gone too far- the way we think about our environment plays an important role
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locus of control
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extent to which people believe that reinforcers and punishers lie inside or outside their control
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self-actualization
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drive to develop our innate potential to the fullest possible extent
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Roger's Self-Theory
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our personalities consist of 3 major components- organism, self, and conditions of worth
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conditions of worth
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expectations we place on ourself for appropriate and inappropriate behavior
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criticisms of humanistic approach
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theories hard to test, may be too optimistic, not enough attention paid to inherited characteristic, learning, and unconscious processes
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trait perspective
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focuses on describing individual differences, personality seen as combo of characteristics people display over time and across situations
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The "Big Five" (OCEAN)
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openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, neuroticism
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openness
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tend to be intellectually curious and unconventional
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conscientiousness
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careful and responsible
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extraversion
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social and lively
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agreeableness
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friendly and easy to get along with
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neuroticism
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tense and moody
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people from individualistic cultures
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tend to focus on themselves and personal goals
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people from collectivistic cultures
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tend to focus on their relations with others
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projective personality tests
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consist of ambiguous stimuli that examinees must interpret or make sense of
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Ataque de Nervios
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Latin America- symptoms of uncontrollable shouting, crying attacks, trembling, heat in chest rising to head, verbal/physical aggression
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Koro
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several Asian countries- believe their penis and testicles are disappearing and receding into their abdomen
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panic attack
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brief, intense episodes of extreme fear characterized by sweating, dizziness, light-headedness, racing heartbeat, and feelings of impending death/going crazy- most prevalent of mental disorders
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panic disorder
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repeated and unexpected panic attacks with either persistent concerns about future attacks or a change in personal behavior in an attempt to avoid them
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generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)
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continual feelings of worry, anxiety, physical tension, and irritability across many areas of life functioning
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agoraphobia
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fear of being in a place or situation from which escape is difficult or embarrassing, or in which help is unavailable in event of a panic attack
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social phobia
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marked fear of public appearance in which embarrassment or humiliation is possible
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major depressive episode
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stage in which a person experiences a lingering depressed mood or diminished interest in pleasurable activities, along with symptoms that include weight loss
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bipolar disorder
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condition marked by a history of at least 1 manic episode
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manic episodes
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experience marked by elevated mood, decreased need for sleep, increased energy, inflated-self esteem, increased talkativeness, irresponsible behavior
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dissociative experience
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conditions involving disruptions in consciousness, memory, identity, or perception
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depersonalization disorder
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condition marked by multiple episodes of depersonalization
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dissociative amnesia
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inability to recall important personal information-most often related to a stressful experience; can't be explained by ordinary forgetfulness
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dissociative fugue
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sudden, unexpected travel away from home or the workplace, accompanied by amnesia or significant life events
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Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID)
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condition characterized by presence of two or more distinct identities or personality states that recurrently take control of the person's behavior
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schizophrenia
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severe disorder of thought and emotion associated with a loss of contact with reality
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Diathesis-Stress Model
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perspective proposing that mental disorders are a joint product of a genetic vulnerability, called a diathesis, and stressors that trigger this vulnerability
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psychoanalysis goal
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make the unconscious conscious- first form of psychotherapy
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free association
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technique in which patients express themselves without censorship of any sort
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interpretation
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therapists formulate explanations of the unconscious bases of a patient's dreams, emotions, and behaviors
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Dream analysis
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therapist's task is to interpret the relation of the dream to the patient's daytime experience and the dream's symbolic significance
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resistance
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attempts to avoid confrontation and anxiety associated with uncovering previously repressed thoughts, emotions, and impulses
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transference
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projecting intense,unrealistic feelings and expectations from the past onto the therapist
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working through
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to confront and resolve problems, conflicts, and ineffective coping responses in everyday life
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object relations therapists
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emphasize patients' mental representations of themselves and others and focus on patient's difficulties with trust, attachment, separation, and identity formation
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interpersonal therapy
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treatment that strengthens social skills and targets interpersonal problems, conflicts, and life transitions
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person-centered therapy
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therapy centering on the patient's goals and ways of solving problems
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motivational interviewing
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person-centered interviewing techniques, including warmth, empathy, reflective listening, unconditional acceptance, and avoiding confrontation
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behavior therapy
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focus on the specific behaviors that lead the patient to seek therapy and the current variables that maintain problematic thoughts, feelings, and behaviors
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systematic desensitization
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patients are taught to relax as they are gradually exposed to what they fear in a stepwise manner
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flooding
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jump right to the top of the anxiety hierarchy and expose patients to images of the stimuli they fear the most for prolonged periods
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response prevention
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technique in which therapists prevent patients from performing their typical avoidance behaviors
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rational emotive behavior therapy
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emphasis on changing how we think and focuses on changing how we act
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empirically supported treatments
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treatment for specific disorders that are backed by high-quality scientific evidence
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pharmacotherapy
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use of medications to treat psychological problems
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electroconvulsive therapy ECT
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patients receive brief electrical pulses to the brain that produce a seizure to treat serious psychological problems
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psychosurgery
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brain surgery to treat psychological problems
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