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50 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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personality tests are used for which purpose? a. diagnosis of personality problems b. an aid in counseling c. both a and b |
c. both a and b
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for a male fetus, the father contributes a(n) __ chromosome and the female contributes a(n) __ chromosome. a. X;Y b. Y;Y c. Y;X |
c. Y;X
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the MOST important factor in determining the attachment relationship is __. a. infant temperament b. caregiver personality c. caregiver sensitivity |
c. caregiver sensitivity
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major structures and organs of the body complete development during the __ stage of prenatal development. a. placental b. germinal c. fetal |
c. fetal |
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a newborn baby turns his toes upwards when his mother touches the bottom of his feet. this is an example of which of the following? a. babinski reflex b. curling reflex c. grasping reflex |
a. babinski reflex |
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fetal alcohol syndrome contributes to which teratogenic effects? a. mental retardation b. limb abnormalities c. speech impairments |
a. mental retardation |
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Lawrence Kohlberg studied moral reasoning using which methodology? a. designing formal experiments involving people of different ages b. giving people stories involving moral difficulties and asking if the actor behaved appropriately and why c. surveying parents about children's moral development |
b. giving people stories involving moral difficulties and asking if the actor behaved appropriately and why |
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which reflex does NOT appear to have survival value for the newborn infant? a. the breathing reflex b. the grasping reflex c. the rooting relfex |
b. the grasping reflex |
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when Aaron asks his parents to extend his curfew, they talk about the pros and cons before coming to a decision that is best for Aaron and other family members. When Bob makes the same request to his parents, they want to please him and agree to his later curfew. Aaron's parents exhibit a(n) __ parenting style and Bob's parents exhibit a(n) __ parenting style. a. authoritative; permissive b. authoritarian;permissive c. authoritative; uninvolved |
a. authoritative; permissive |
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the major criticism of Freud by the neo-Freudians was __. a. an overemphasis on psychosexual development and sexual drives b. his concepts of the Oedipus and Electra conflicts c. an overemphasis on the importance of the unconscious mind |
a. an overemphasis on psychosexual development and sexual drives |
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in Freud's iceberg model of the mind, parts of the __ are above the surface. a. id and ego b. ego and superego c. id and superego |
b. ego and superego |
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modern-day psychodynamic theories emphasize the importance of all but which of the following? a. childhood experiences b. unconscious thought processes c. sex as the origin of personality |
c. sex as the origin of personality |
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until he went to the zoo, 2 year old David's schema for a cat was a small, furry animal that purred. when a lion roared at the zoo, David's dad said, "listen to that big cat". The complexity of David's schema for cats increased, BEST illustrating what Piaget called __. a. accommodation b. assimilation c. expansion |
a. accommodation |
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a personality inventory is a(n) __ test in which individuals indicate __. a. projective;their interpretation of pictures b. projective; whether or not questions or statements apply to them c. objective; whether or not questions or statements apply to them |
c. objective; whether or not questions or statements apply to them |
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Piaget's cognitive theory incorporated two of his interests, __. a. philosophy and psychology b. psychology and biology c. biology and philosphy |
c. biology and philosphy
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Identical twins are to __ as fraternal twins are to __. a. monozygotic and dizygotic b. dizygotic;monozygotic c. XX chromosomes; XY chromosomes |
a. monozygotic and dizygotic |
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Piaget labeled the cognitive development state that occurs from birth to 2 years of the "sensorimotor" stage because during this period infants __. a. experience the most rapid development in their senses and motor behaviors than at any other time across childhood b. first learn to understand the world through their senses before using motor behavior to explore their environments c. come to know the world by looking, listening, sucking, grasping, and manipulating |
c. come to know the world by looking, listening, sucking, grasping, and manipulating |
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who emphasized that our cognitive abilities develop through interactions with others and represent the shared knowledge of one's culture? a. Vygotsky b. Paiget c. Kolhberg |
a. Vygotsky |
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Olivia is hungry and wants some oatmeal. she says to her mother, "Olivia oatmeal!". it is likely that Olivia is about __ old and is using a(n) __ style of speech. a. 1 year;holophrase b. 18 months;underextension c. 24 months; telegraphic |
c. 24 months; telegraphic |
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whenever Nora does poorly on an exam, she takes responsibility for not studying hard enough. because she demonstrates an internal locus of control, she is likely to __. a. do better in school b. cope well with the stresses of life c. both a and b |
c. both a and b |
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Seeley is extremely self-disciplined, dependable, and organized. on an assessment of the Big Five personality traits, it is MOST likely that he will score high on __. a. agreeableness b. neuroticism c. conscientiousness |
c. conscientiousness |
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to develop his theory, Maslow studied the lives of adults who were __. a. raised in wealthy homes b. counseling patients c. healthy and creative |
c. healthy and creative |
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according to Adler, the basic motivational force, "striving for superiority," is the result of __. a. criticisms by peers during adolescence b. the helpless state into which everyone is born c. a comparison to others who are more successful |
b. the helpless state into which everyone is born |
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__ are the relatively stable internally based characteristics that describe a person. a. attributions b. factors c. traits |
c. traits |
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which theoretical approach to personality is primarily a descriptive approach? a. trait b. social-cognitive c. humanistic |
a. trait |
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Franz Gall is to __ as the ancient Greeks are to __. a. bodily fluids;body type b. bumps on the head;bodily fluids c. body type;bodily fluids |
b. bumps on the head;bodily fluids |
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Harlow's study of attachment in infant monkeys revealed that __. a. contact comfort was more important than nourishment to attachment formation b. nourishment was more important than contact comfort to attachment formation c. contact comfort and nourishment were equally important to attachment formation |
a. contact comfort was more important than nourishment to attachment formation
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Maslow's hierarchy of needs suggests that people are unlikely to be motivated to obtain __ if they are deprived of __. a. sexual gratification; good grades in school b. food and shelter;safety and security c. self-esteem;love and safety |
c. self-esteem;love and safety |
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the humanistic movement in psychology developed in response to __. a. the emphasis on the external environment among social-cognitive theorists b. the trait approach's failure to acknowledge the importance of unique experiences c. the determinism of psychoanalytic theory and the strictness of behavioral theory |
c. the determinism of psychoanalytic theory and the strictness of behavioral theory |
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sperm cells contain __ chromosomes and egg cells contain __ chromosomes. a. 23;23 b 23;46 c. 46;23 |
a. 23;23 |
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Mary Ainsworth focused on which behavior of a child in the "strange situation"? a. willingness to play with other children when the mother was present b. exploration of the environment when the mother was present or absent c. interaction and play style with the stranger |
b. exploration of the environment when the mother was present or absent |
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which is NOT a Big Five personality factor? a. openness b. agreeableness c. conservativism |
c. conservativism |
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at birth, which sense is the LEAST developed sense? a. hearing b. vision c. smell |
b. vision |
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Dana understands that if Eddie is taller than Frank and George is taller than Eddie, then George is taller than Frank. Dana has grasped the principle of __, characteristic of a child in the __ stage. a. seriation;preoperational b. seriation; concrete operational c. transitivity; concrete operational |
c. transitivity; concrete operational |
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temperament is __. a. a set of innate tendencies and dispositions b. very influential in how we interact with others c. both a and b |
c. both a and b |
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in the strange situation, Carolyn responds by crying vehemently when her mother leaves and then responding joyfully when she returns. it is likely that Carolyn has a(n) __ attachment to her mother. a. insecure b. secure c. insecure-ambivalent |
b. secure |
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when 18 month old Logan sees his uncle Brandon, he calls him "dada" along with any other man he sees. this BEST illustrates which of the following? a. baby talk b. babbling c. overextension |
c. overextension |
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generally, projective tests like the Rorschach Inkblot have __ reliability and __ validity. a. low;low b. low;high c. high;low |
a. low;low |
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in the development of personality, the behavioral approach emphasizes the importance of __, and the humanistic approach emphasizes the importance of __. a. the environment;free will b. free will;the environment c. the unconscious; genetics |
a. the environment;free will |
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psychoanalytic theories of personality emphasize __, and humanistic theories of personality emphasize __. a. cognitive and social factors;basic personality dimensions b. basic personality dimensions;cognitive and social factors c. unconscious forces and childhood experiences;personal growth motives |
c. unconscious forces and childhood experiences;personal growth motives
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__ is sometimes called the "father of the humanistic movement". a. Julian Rotter b. Albert Bandura c. Abraham Maslow |
c. Abraham Maslow |
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the __ is to pleasure as the __ is to conscience. a. ego;superego b. superego;ego c. id;superego |
c. id;superego |
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across the life span, cross-sectional studies of intelligence suggest that intelligence __ as people get older and longitudinal studies of intelligence suggest that intelligence __ as people get older, until very late in life. a. decreases;increases b. remains stable or increases; remains stable or increases c. decreases;remains stable or increases |
c. decreases;remains stable or increases |
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an area where the id's pleasure-seeking energies are focused is called a(n) __. a. arousal b. erogenous c. fixation |
b. erogenous |
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Karen attends church because she wants to gain the approval of her friends who attend church regularly, displaying the __ orientation, characteristic of Kohlberg's __ morality. a. good-girl/boy;conventional b. social contract;conventional c. good-girl/boy;postconventional |
a. good-girl/boy;conventional |
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which personality theorist influenced 20th century culture? a. Maslow b. Horney c. Freud |
c. Freud |
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according to the text, a self-serving bias occurs when individuals __. a. give credit where credit is due for personal successes b. place blame where blame is due for personal failures c. take credit for personal successes and blame others for personal failures |
c. take credit for personal successes and blame others for personal failures |
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Bandura suggested that personality is a product of a person's __, the set of cognitive processes by which a person observes, evaluates and regulated behavior. a. self-regulation b. self-evaluation c. self-system |
c. self-system |
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according to Freud, __ is the primary defense mechanism. a. rationalization b. reaction formation c. repression |
c. repression |
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Nathan's parents expect him to follow their rules and not ask questions about why a rule is necessary. their parenting style is BEST described as __. a. authoritative b. authoritarian c. permissive |
b. authoritarian
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