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52 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
As compared with long-term memory, short-term memory is ________ permanent and ________ limited in storagecapacity. |
less;more |
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Memory is best defined as |
the persistence of learning through the storage and retrieval of information. |
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The process of getting information into memory is called |
encoding |
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The process of retrieval refers to |
getting information out of memory storage |
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To recognize the active information processing that occurs in short-term memory, researchers have characterized it as________ memory |
working |
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Encoding that occurs with no effort or a minimal level of conscious attention is known as |
automatic processing |
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Effortful processing can occur only with |
conscious attention |
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Encoding and storing a friend's new cellphone number typically involves |
effortful processing |
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The tendency for distributed study to yield better long-term retention than massed study is known as |
spacing effect |
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The serial position effect best illustrates the importance of |
flashbulb memory |
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On the telephone, Dominic rattles off a list of 10 grocery items for Kyoko to bring home from the store. Immediatelyafter hearing the list, Kyoko attempts to write down the items. She is most likely to forget the items |
in the middle of the list |
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The process by which information is encoded by its meaning is called |
semantic encoding |
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The acoustic encoding of words refers to the processing of |
sounds |
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Rephrasing text material in your own words is an effective way of facilitating |
semantic encoding |
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To remember a list of the school supplies she needs, Marcy mentally visualizes each item at a certain location in herhouse. Marcy's tactic best illustrates use of |
a mnemonic device. |
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The letters Y, M, O, M, R, E are presented. Jill remembers them by rearranging them to spell the word “MEMORY.”This provides an illustration of |
chunking |
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By creating an outline in which specific facts and theories are located within the larger framework of major topics andsubtopics, Jasmine can remember much more of what she reads in her textbooks. This best illustrates the benefits of |
hierarchical organization. |
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For a fraction of a second after the lightning flash disappeared, Ileana retained a vivid mental image of its ragged edges.Her experience most clearly illustrates the nature of _______ memory. |
iconic |
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Peterson and Peterson asked people to count aloud backward after they were presented with three consonants. Thisstudy finds that ________ memories will quickly disappear without active processing and rehearsal. |
short-term |
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Our immediate short-term memory for new material is limited to roughly ________ bits of information |
7 |
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The human capacity for storing long-term memories is |
essentially unlimited |
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The increase in synaptic firing potential that contributes to memory formation is known as |
long-term potentiation. |
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Exceptionally clear memories of emotionally significant events are called |
flashbulb memories |
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Most Americans still have accurate flashbulb memories of the 9/11 terrorist attacks in 2001. This best illustrates thatmemory formation is facilitated by |
Bodys release of stress hormones |
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The prolonged stress of sustained physical abuse may inhibit memory formation by shrinking the |
hippocampus |
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Conscious memory of factual information is called ________ memory |
explicit |
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Unlike implicit memories, explicit memories are processed by the |
hippocampus |
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The cerebellum plays a critical role in ________ memory. |
implicit |
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Infantile amnesia is largely associated with a lack of ________ memory |
explicit |
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Fill-in-the-blank test questions measure ________; matching concepts with their definitions measures ________. |
recall;recognition |
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The smell of freshly baked bread awakened in Mr. Hutz vivid memories of his early childhood. The aroma apparentlyacted as a powerful |
retrieval cue |
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The discovery that words heard underwater are later better recalled underwater than on land best illustrates the value of |
retrieval cues |
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. Lars was feeling depressed at the time he read a chapter of his history textbook. Lars is likely to recall best the contentsof that chapter when he is |
depressed |
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. In describing what he calls the seven sins of memory, Daniel Schacter suggests that encoding failure results from the sinof |
transience |
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An inability to recall the location of the number 0 on your calculator is most likely due to |
encoding failure |
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Using nonsense syllables to study memory, Ebbinghaus found that |
the most rapid memory loss for novel information occurs shortly after it is learned. |
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The disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new information is called |
proactive interference |
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Retroactive interference refers to the |
disruptive effect of new learning on the recall of previously learned material. |
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Learning a new ATM password may block the recall of a familiar old password. This illustrates |
interference |
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Philippe has just completed medical school. In reflecting on his years of formal education, he is able to recall the namesof all his instructors except the fifthgrade teacher who flunked him. According to Freud, his forgetting illustrates |
repression |
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When Loftus and Palmer asked observers of a filmed car accident how fast the vehicles were going when they“smashed” into each other, the observers developed memories of the accident that |
portrayed the event as more serious than it had actually been |
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When asked misleading questions after observing an accident, eyewitnesses often reconstruct their initial memories ofthe event. This best illustrates |
the misinformation effect |
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Researchers asked university students to imagine certain childhood events, including a false event such as breaking awindow with their hand. They discovered that |
it is surprisingly easy to lead people to construct false memories |
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After hearing stories of things they both had and had not actually experienced with “Mr. Science,” preschool childrenspontaneously recalled him doing things that were only mentioned in the stories. This best illustrates |
source amnesia |
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Memories we derive from real experiences have ________ detail than memories we derive from imagination. Memoriesof imagined experiences are ________ restricted to the gist of the supposed event. |
more;less |
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Donald Thompson, an Australian psychologist, was an initial suspect in a rape case. The rape victim confused hermemories of Thompson and the actual rapist because she had seen Thompson's image on TV shortly before she wasattacked. The victim's false recollection best illustrates |
source amnesia |
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Adults who have trouble remembering incidences of childhood sexual abuse have often been led by therapists to believethat their memory difficulties are due to |
repression |
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Memory experts who express skepticism regarding reports of repressed and recovered memories emphasize that |
most extremely traumatic life experiences are never encoded into long-term memory |
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Stressful life experiences such as being raped are not likely to be |
repressed |
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Repeating someone's name several times shortly after being introduced to that person is an effective strategy for |
rehearsal |
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Mentally re-creating the mood that accompanied your original learning of course material is an effective way to activate |
retrieval cues |
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Answering practice test questions about text material you have studied is a useful strategy for |
becoming aware of what you do not yet know. |