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56 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Fritz Perls 2 agendas
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a) Move client from environmental support to self support.
b) Reintegrate disowned parts of personality. |
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xvi. Theory of change:
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a) The more we attempt to be who we are not, the more we remain the same.
Therapist not a change agent, but helper in finding awareness of part of self from which client is alienated. |
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Time focus
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Here and now. Polster and Polster wrote "The New Ethos" power in present.
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Experiential focus
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Client sad? Help them feel in in the moment: now.
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Major Emphases
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The Here and now
Direct Experiencing Awareness Bring unfinished business from past to present Dealing with impasses Energy (within client) and blocks to it Contact (lifeblood of growth) and resistances to it Body work Nonverbal cues |
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Five major channels of resistance
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Introjection: uncritical acceptance of others beliefs
Projection: reverse of introjection. Assign aspects of self to environment/others Retroflection: doing to self what we want to do to others, or we want someone elese to do to us. Confluence: blurring between self/environment. Stay safe by blending in Deflection: distraction to prevent sense of contact. Too much humor, abstract generalizations, questions instead of statements |
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Basic principles
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Holism
Field theory Figure formation process Organismic self-regulation |
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Holism
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all of nature is coherent whole, diff from sum of parts. Must see all dimensions of human functionng
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Field theory
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Organism must be seen in its invironment/context: part of changing field.
Everything is relational, in flux, interrelated and in process. Look at boundary between person and environment. |
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Figure formation process
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How individual organizes environment from moment to moment.
Undifferentiated field = background/ground Emerging focus of attention is the figure. Track how some aspects of environ. Field emerge from background to become focal point. |
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Organismic self regulation
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Process which disturbed equilibrium by emergence of a need, sensation, or interest.
Individuals can make contacts to maintain/restore equilibrium/help growth. |
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Goals of GT
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Attain awareness/greater choice. Know environment/self, accepting both, making contact.
Clients need awareness process to be responsible/choose for selves (comes from I/Thou relationship) Recognize denied aspects of self. |
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Therapist's role:
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I/thou relationship
Observe forground and background Comfortable climate Watch body language Words/emotions match? Gently challenge Presence Authentic dialogue Gentleness No interpretation: focus on what and how of behavior Fritz: be a catalyst. Polsters: must be more than a catalyst. Must put your whole self into it. |
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Language tools used
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It talk
You talk Questions Language that denies power Client metaphors Uncover stories Be careful to not make them feel scrutinized |
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It talk
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Depersonalizes. "It is hard" instead of "I have a hard time."
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You talk
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Generalizes the subject. Hides the person
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Questions
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Hides quesioner. Change Qs into statements. Client must assume responsibility for staements
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Language denying power:
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Eliminate "maybe, perhaps, sort of , I guess, etc." I can't implies I won't
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Listen to metaphors
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Good tool for finding internal struggles. ie. "This sesseion put me thru a meat grinder!" "What's it like going thru one of those?" "Who doing the grinding?"
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Uncover stories
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"Fleshing out a flash." Pick a small part and develop that element.
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Client's role
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Find truth thru experience with therapist, not interpretation
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Miriam Polster's three stage integration sequence
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a) Discovery: new realization about self.
b) Accommodation: recognize you have a choice. Try new behavior in office, then in the world. Often awkward c) Assimilation: client learning how to influence environment: client feels capable of dealing with surprises. Now may take stands, improve, improvise. “Improvisation is confidence that comes from knowledge and skills.” |
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Foreground
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Client experiences
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Background
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Therapist's experience
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Relationship b/w Client and therapist
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Person to person: therapist maintains presence, but does not manipulate.
Both are artistic participants in creating a new life. Since Fritz death in 1970: softening. More focus on quality of relationship, dialogue, empathic attunement, tapping client wisdom, field theory and phenomenology. |
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Paradoxical theory of change
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The more one tries to be who one is not, the more one stays the same. People must acknowledge their whole self, they must make contact with themselves and with their environment. Then ,we have all of our personal resources available to us for interaction with the environment and, if necessary, change.
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Experiment forms
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Setting up dialogue b/w blient and significant other,
assuming ID of key figure thru role playing, reliving painful event, exaggerating gesture, posture, or nonverbal mannerisms, or dialogue between conflicting opinions of the client. |
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Confrontation
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Fritz was highly confrontational. Now, "sustained empathic inquiry combined with crisp, lear and relevant awareness focusing."
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Three therapy styles (according to who?)
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Imposing: therapist has agenda. Expert, evaluate, diagnose, etc.
Competing stance: ethos of regged individualism. Dange of negotiation. Confirming stance: therapist want to see whole being of client. Moment of confirmation: clients needs become center. |
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Interventions (Exercises)
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Internal Dialogue Exercise
Making the rounds The Reversal Exercise The Rehearsal Exercise The Exaggeration Exercise Staying with the Feeling The Gestalt Approach to Dream Work |
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Internal Dialogue approach
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Splits in personality function: focus on war between top dog and underdog.
Top dog: righteous, authoritatriant, moralistic, bossy, etc. Underdog manipulates: plays role of victim: defensive, apologetic, helpless, etc Roots in introjection: incorporating aspects of others in one’s ego system. Clients must become aware of these. Empty chair technique: two chairs. Sit in one and be the top dog. Sit in the other and be the underdog. Client plays all parts. Introjects can surface Objective: accept and live with the polarities |
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Making the Rounds
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Speak to or do something with each person in the group. Confront, risk, disclose self, experiemtn, grow and change.
Example: “I can’t trust the rest of the group.” “Are you willing to do something right now to get self more invested and gain trust/self-0confidence?” Yes?” “Go around to each person and finish this sentence: ‘What makes it hard for me to trust you is . . . “ |
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Reversal Exercise
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Someone who is always sugary sweet could try reversing her typical style and be as negative as possible.
Make contact with parts of self that are submerged and denied. |
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The Rehearsal Exercise
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Share internal rehearsals out loud with a therapist. Become aware of trying to bolster social roles, attempts to meet expectations of others, etc.
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Exaggeration Exercise
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Body language. Exaggerate movement repeatedly. Intensifies the feeling, helps identify the meaning.
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Staying with the Feeling
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Urge clients to stay with unvomfortable feelings
Go deeper Attempt to unblock self and make way for new levels of growth. |
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Gestalt Dream Work
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Dream acted out in present. Dreamer becomes a part of his or her dream.
List details, remember each person, event, mood, etc. Become each of these parts. Projection: according to Perls, every object in the dream reps projected aspect of dreamer. Dreams are “royal road to integration” Fritz: dream is most spontaneous expression of existence of the human being. Represents unfinished situation, but also existential message regarding self and current struggle. |
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contact
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Proces of interacting with nature and others without loosing sense of individuality. Made by seeing, hearing, semlling, touching and moving.
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dream work
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Dreams acted out in present. Dreamer becomes part of his or her dreams. List details, remember each person, event, mood, etc. Become and act out each of those parts. According to Perls, every object in the dream represernts a projected aspect of the dreamer. Freud said dreams are "royal road to the unconscious." Fritz said "royal road to integration." Dreams rep unfinished situation, and existential message regarding self and current struggle.
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exaggeration exercise
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Notice body language, then exaggerate it repeatedly. Itensifies the feeling, helps identify the meaning.
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exercises (techniques) versus experiments
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Exercises are ready made techniques designed to act as catalysts (ie. Exaggeration exercise). Experiements grow spontaneously from interaction between client and therapist.
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field theory
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Organism must be seen in its environment and context: part of an ever changing field. Everything is relationship, in flux, interrelated and in proces. Look at boundary between the person and the environment.
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holism
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Al of nature seen as coherent whole, different from the sum of its parts. Consider all dimensions of human functioning. No aspect of a person is more important than another.
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I/Thou dialogue
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I/it is relationship to time and space. I/Thou is relationship allowing connection of self to spirit. The relationship then, is a paradigm of the human self. Includes direct, meaningful, present interaction.
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internal dialogue exercise (empty chair technique)
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Two chairs: client sits in one to be the top do. Sits in the other to be the underdog. Plays all parts. Objective is to get introjections to surface, to recognize, accept, and live with polarities.. Top do is righteous, authoritarian, moralistic, bossy, etc. Underdog manipulates: plays role of citim, defensive, apologetic, helpless, etc.
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layers of neurosis
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I DON'T REMEMBER THIS FROM ANYWHERE IN THE TEXT
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making the rounds
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Speak to or do something with each person in the group. Confront, risk, disclose self, experiment, grow and change.
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rehearsal exercise
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Share internal rehearsals out lout with therapist.Become aware of what they are doing (ie. Bolstering social roles, attempts to meet expectations of others, etc).
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resistances to contact
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5 major channels: introjection, projection, retroflection, confluence, deflection
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reversal technique
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Reverse typical roles. E.g. Someone who is always sugary sweet invited to be as negative as possible for a while, so as to recognize, accept, and live with both sides of themselves.
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staying with the feeling
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Encouraging clients to stick with uncomfortable feelings that they mention. Invite them to go deeper, wrestle with it, and ultimately attempt to unblock themselves and make way for new levels of growth
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the “now ethos”
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Polsters: power is in present. Focus on past or future drains from present moment. Talk about what happening now, how experiencing emotions in the moment. Therapist helps to make contact with this "now" experience more vividly. Client sad? Help them reexperience sadness now. Experiemtns help become more aware of feelings. If unfinished business in the past that is relevant, bring it into present "bring the fantasy here." Client therapist relationship key.
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unfinished business
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Manifest through unexpressed feelings like resentment, rage, hatred, etc lingering in the background, interfering with effective contact with self and others. Must be dealt with. Oft appear with blockage in the body. UB seeks completion, can cause preoccupation, compulsive behavior, wariness, oppressive energy and self defeating behavior.
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Experiential therapy
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clients grip what they think, feel and do as interacting with therapist.
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Client/ther relationship
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Growth through I/Thou relationship, not techniques.
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From EXISTENTIAL THERAPY, NOT GESTALT: Existential Guilt
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awareness of having chosen not to choose. We are not what we could be.
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