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166 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
an individual’s behavioral style and characteristic emotional responses
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temperament
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easy temperaments -->
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well-adjusted adults
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difficult temperaments -->
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trouble adjusting as adults
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boys with difficult temperaments -->
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do not pursue further education
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girls with difficult temperaments -->
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marital problems
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inhibited temperament -->
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less likely to be assertive adults
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attachment leads to..?
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more secure in romantic attachments
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positive views of relationships, find it easy to get close to others, not overly concerned with/stressed out about their romantic relationships
High self-acceptance, self-esteem, and self-efficacy |
secure attachment style
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hesitant about getting involved in romantic relationships and once in a relationship tend to distance themselves from their partner
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avoidant attachment style
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demand closeness, less trusting, more emotional, jealous, and possessive
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anxious attachment style
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our own attitudes and values are supported and validated when someone else’s attitudes and values are similar to our own, also they become more predictable
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consensual validation
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spark that ignites a romantic relationship
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physical attraction
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what do women value in a relationship?
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considerateness, honesty, dependability, kindness, understanding, and earning prospects
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what do men value in a relationship?
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good looks, cooking skills, and frugality
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what is the complication when it comes to attractiveness?
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: the standard of what is attractive is dynamic
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true or false
we may prefer someone very attractive, but in real-life people tend to choose someone on about their same attractiveness level (works in relationships, not necessarily in marriage) |
true
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Romantic love
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passionate love or Eros
Strong components of sexuality and infatuation Passion, fear, anger, sexual desire, joy, and jealousy Passion: Yes; Intimacy: No; Commitment: No |
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Affectionate love
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companionate love
One desires to have the other person near and has a deep, caring affection Passion: No; Intimacy: Yes; Commitment: Yes |
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Consummate love
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Involves passion (physical and sexual attraction), intimacy (emotional feelings of warmth, closeness and sharing), and commitment (cognitive appraisal of the relationship and the intent to maintain the relationship despite problems)
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Fatuous love
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-Passion: Yes; Intimacy: No; Commitment: Yes
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what % of people cohabit in the u.s.?
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11% to 60% in the United States
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what is a difficulty with cohabitation?
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Difficulty owning property jointly
Legal rights on the dissolution of the relationship are less certain than in a divorce |
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what effects does cohabitation have on marriage?
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Cohabitation has either no effects on marriage, or it has negative effects
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how is marriage thought of previously and presently?
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Previously: marriage thought of as end of “growing up”
Presently: personal fulfillment in and out of marriage is competing with marriage The average duration of a marriage in the US is just over 9 years |
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What factors lead to higher rates of divorce?
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Youthful marriage, low educational level, low income, no religious affiliation, having divorced parents, having a baby before marriage
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bounced back from stressful circumstances and create something meaningful out of their problems
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enhancers
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some strengths and some weaknesses; they try to solve their problems but are not as good at planning and are less persistent than enhancers
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good-enoughs
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motivated to find new mates ASAP
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seekers
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spend time in singles bars and have casual sex; after a year they want a stable relationship
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libertines
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well–adjusted, self-sufficient, and socially-skilled; successful career, active social life, wide range of interests, but little interest in sharing life with anyone else
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competent loners
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usually had pre-divorce problems; can’t handle added stress of a divorce
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defeated
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what is middle adulthood?
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The developmental period that begins at approximately 40-45 years old and goes until 60 to 65 years old
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normal middle adulthood consists of:
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Normally: declining physical skills and expanding responsibility
Become aware of the amount of time remaining in their lives Seek to transmit something meaningful to the next generation- leave a legacy |
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What is sarcopenia?
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age-related loss of muscle mass and strength
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what does accommodation refer to?
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Ability to focus and maintain an image on the retina (diminishes in middle adulthood)
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hearing in middle adulthood?
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Hearing: declines by age 40 (50% of individuals by age 50)
Sensitivity to high pitches declines first |
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cardiovascular functioning in middle adulthood?
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Cardiovascular: cardiovascular disease increases in middle age
Fatty deposits and scar tissue slowly accumulate in the linings of blood vessels, reducing blood flow to organs; cholesterol levels increase; blood pressure rises |
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Metabolic Syndrome-
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hypertension, obesity, and insulin resistance
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lung functioning in middle adulthood?
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Lung: little change in lung capacity throughout middle adulthood
At about 55, proteins in lung tissue become less elastic, and chest wall gradually stiffens |
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sleep in middle adulthood?
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Sleep: wakeful periods are more common, and there is less of the deepest kind of sleep
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what can be a big factor in disease?
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When a person is under STRESS, viruses and bacteria are more likely to multiply and cause disease
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Immunosenescense
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progressive decline in the immune system
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Chronic stress associated with..?
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high blood pressure and heart disease
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time when a woman’s menstrual periods stop completely
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menopause
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Perimenopause
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transitional period from normal menstrual cycle to none
About 10 years; depressed feelings, headaches, moodiness, and palpitations |
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Erectile dysfunction
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inability to adequately achieve and maintain an erection that results in satisfactory sexual performance
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Crystallized intelligence
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individual’s accumulated information and verbal skills (increases during M.A.)
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Fluid intelligence
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one’s ability to reason abstractly (declines in middle adulthood)
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Quest for meaning (4 values)
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need for values, purpose, sense of self-efficacy, self-worth
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need for purpose
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goals and fulfillments
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need for values
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lends sense of goodness or positive characterization of life
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need for sense of self-efficacy
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believe they can control their environment
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need for self-worth
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can be found individually or in a group
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Erikson's Generativity vs. Stagnation
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Generativity-adults desire to leave legacies of themselves
Biological, parental, work, cultural Committed to the improvement of society Stagnation-sense that they’ve done nothing for the next generation |
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Levinson’s Seasons of a Man’s Life
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Transition from teen to adult-novice phase (dream of future)
28-33 more serious time of facing goals, focus on family and career Becoming one’s own man or BOOM |
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Transition to middle adulthood lasts from 40-45: adult comes to grips with:
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Being young vs being old
Being destructive vs being constructive Being masculine vs being feminine Being attached to others vs being separate |
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what does levinson say about midlife?
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midlife is a crisis-adults are suspended between the past and future
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what peaks during midlife?
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Cognitive skills (like vocabulary, verbal memory, and inductive reasoning) peak
Life-satisfaction is reported as being high |
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What is empty nest syndrome?
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Parents who live vicariously through their children experience new adjustments as a result of the children’s absence
Decrease in marital satisfaction occasionally |
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3 sources of grandparenting:
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biological reward and continuity,
emotional fulfillment, and companionship and satisfaction |
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3 styles of grandparenting:
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formal
fun-seeking distant |
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Cellular Clock Theory
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cells can divide a maximum of about 75 to 80 times
As we age, cells become less capable of dividing (Telomeres-cap chromosomes; get shorter with each division) |
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Free-Radical Theory
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People age because when cells metabolize energy, the by-products include free radicals (unstable oxygen molecules)-these free radicals ricochet around the cells and damage DNA and other cellular structures
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Mitochondrial Theory
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Aging is due to the decay of mitochondria (decay is mainly due to oxidative damage and loss of critical micronutrients supplied by the cell)
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Hormonal Stress Theory
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Aging in the body’s hormonal system can lower resistance to stress and increase the likelihood of disease
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With age, the brain decreases in?
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weight and volume ((starts middle adulthood, accelerates in late adulthood))
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Prefrontal cortex shrinks with aging but.... -->
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The brain has repair capability (certain activities can increase brain volume)
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Neurogenesis
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generation of new neurons does occur in old age
Dendrites stop growing Decrease in laterization |
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what may accelerate the effects of aging on immunity?
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Extended duration of stress and diminished restorative processes in adults
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Low protein levels →
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decreased T cells
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physical appearance and movement in old age...
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Wrinkles, age sports, height decrease (bone loss in vertebrae), weight drop
Decreased muscle and bone, increased fat |
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what declines as far as vision?
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Visual acuity, color vision, and depth perception decline
Dark adaptation is slower (longer time to adjust from well-lit to semi-dark) |
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what is the cause of color vision loss?
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yellowing of the lens
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thickening of the eye lens (cloudy, opaque, distorted vision)
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Cataracts
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Glaucoma
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damage to optic nerve created by buildup of fluid in the eye
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deterioration of the macula of the retina (corresponds to the focal center of the visual field)
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Macular Degeneration
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hearing and aging?
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15% of population over age 65 are legally deaf (degeneration of cochlea-primary nerve receptor in the inner ear)
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what can help the elderly hear?
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Hearing aids-amplify sound
Cochlear implants-restore some hearing |
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smelling and tasting???
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Great decline in sense of smell, smaller decline in sense of taste
Reduces enjoyment of food and life satisfaction |
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touch and pain in old age?
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Decline in touch sensitivity; less sensitive to pain
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6 leading causes of death in old age?
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heart disease, cancer, cerebrovascular disease (stroke), chronic lung disease, pneumonia & influenza, & diabetes
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What are the direct benefits to exercise for people in late adulthood?
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Increased longevity, prevention of common chronic diseases, improvement in treatment of chronic diseases, improved cellular functioning, optimize body composition and reduce decline in motor skills, decreased likelihood of mental health problems, treatment of mental health problems, and improved brain and cognitive functioning
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Cognitive mechanics
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the “hardware” of the mind; neurophysiological architecture of the brain developed through evolution; sensory input, attention, visual and motor memory, discrimination, comparison, and categorization (declines with age)
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Cognitive pragmatics
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culture-based “software programs” of the mind; reading and writing skills, language comprehension, educational qualifications, professional skills, type of life; improvement with age is possible
remains in old age.. no decline |
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speed of processing in late adulthood
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Speed of processing declines with age (due to a decline in brain and central nervous system function)
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Selective Attention
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focusing on a specific aspect of experience that is relevant and ignoring others that are irrelevant
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Divided attention
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concentrating on more than one activity at the same time
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Sustained attention
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state of readiness to detect and respond to small changes occurring at random times in the environment, i.e. vigilance
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Retention of information about the where and when of life
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episodic memory
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Autobiographical memory
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personal recollection of facts and events (stored as episodic memories)
declines in old age |
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semantic memory
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Person’s knowledge about the world (including fields of expertise)
Longer to retrieve, but this info still available in old age |
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Perceptual speed-
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ability to perform simple perceptual-motor tasks
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Explicit memory
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memory of facts and experiences that individuals consciously know and can state, i.e. declarative memory (ex: knowing what you wanted to buy at grocery store, explaining a movie, etc)
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implicit memory
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memory without conscious recollection (ex: driving)
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Ability to remember where one learned something
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source memory
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remembering to do something
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prospective memory
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what helps improve memory?
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high self-efficacy
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Why do older people go back to school?
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Better understand the nature of their aging, want to learn more about the social and technological changes that have produced dramatic changes in their lives, discover relevant knowledge and learn relevant skills to cope with societal and job demands, to stay competitive in work, enhance self-discovery
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What can buffer age-related declines in intelligence?
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Intellectual and social engagement
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training
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can improve the cognitive skills of many older adults but there is loss in plasticity in late adulthood
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Major depression
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mood disorder in which the person is deeply unhappy, demoralized, self-derogatory, and bored
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predictors of major depression
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poor health, disability, loss events (deaths), low social support
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-any neurological disorder in which the primary symptoms involve a deterioration of mental functioning
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dementia
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Alzheimer Disease
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a form of dementia; a progressive, irreversible brain disorder characterized by a gradual deterioration of memory, reasoning, language, and body
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Multi-Infarct Dementia
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sporadic and progressive loss of intellectual functioning caused by repeated temporary obstruction of blood flow in cerebral arteries
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chronic, progressive disease characterized by muscle tremors, slowing of movement, and partial facial paralysis; triggered by degeneration of dopamine
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Parkinson disease
said to be curable within the next decades |
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Integrity versus Despair
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Involves reflecting on the past and either piecing together a positive review or concluding that one’s life has not been well spent
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life review set in motion by
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looking forward to death
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Activity Theory
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The more active and involved older adults are, the more likely they are to be satisfied with their life (lower mortality rate, greater happiness, and better functioning)
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Socioemotional Selectivity Theory
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Older adults become more selective about their social networks; they place a high value on emotional satisfaction so they spend time with individuals with whom they have rewarding relationships
Individuals are motivated to achieve knowledge-related and emotional goals |
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Selective Optimization with Compensation Theory
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Successful aging is linked with three main factors: selection, optimization, and compensation (people produce new resources and allocate them to tasks they want to master)
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Selection
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older adults have a reduced capacity and loss of functioning, which requires a reduction in performance in most life domains
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Optimization
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it is possible to maintain performance through practice and new technology
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Compensation
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becomes relevant when life tasks require a level of capacity beyond the current level of the older adult’s performance potential
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OCEAN
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openness
conscientiousness extroversion agreeableness neuroticism |
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Ageism
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prejudice about other people because of their age
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Eldercare
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The physical and emotional caretaking of older members of the family (or arranging and overseeing such care)
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What is generational inequity?
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The view that our aging society is being unfair to its younger members because older adults pile up advantages by receiving an inequitably large allocation of resources
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the convoy model of social relations
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Individuals go through life embedded in a personal network of individuals to whom they give and from whom they receive social support
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Altruistic adults...?
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live longer, are more satisfied with life, & are less depressed
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components of the death system:
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people, places or contexts, times, objects, symbols, warnings and predictions, preventing death, caring for the dying, disposing of the dead, social consolidation after death, making sense of death, and killing
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Brain death
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all electrical activity of the brain has ceased for a specified period of time (higher portion of the brain dies sooner than the lower part; the lower point controls heartbeat and breathing)
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euthanasia
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the act of painlessly ending the lives of individuals who are suffering from an incurable disease or severe disability
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active euthanasia
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death is deliberately induced (ex: lethal drugs injected)
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passive euthanasia
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a person is allowed to die by withholding available treatment
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who “Assisted Suicide” ??
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Jack Kevorkian
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program committed to make the end of life as pain-free as possible
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hospice
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reducing pain and suffering and helping individuals die with dignity
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palliative care
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view of death 3-5:
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death exists
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view of death ages 6-9:
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death exists but only happens to some people
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view of death ages 9 and up:
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death is final and universal
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Kastenbaum's belief..?
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children are trying to understand death
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view of death in adolescence
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death seems very remote and distant; can be described abstractly
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view of death in adulthood
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increase in consciousness of aging
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concern with Kubler-Ross' theory:
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The existence of the five-stages has not been demonstrated
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death stage 1
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Denial and Isolation
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death stage 2
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anger
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death stage 3
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bargaining
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death stage 4
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depression
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death stage 5
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acceptance
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contemporary life-events approach
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Emphasizes that how a life event influences the individual's development depends not only on the life event, but also on mediating factors, the individual's adaptation to the life event, the life-stage context, and the sociohistorical context
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social clock
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the timetable according to which individuals are expected to accomplish life's tasks, such as getting married, having children, or establishing themselves in a career.
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middle-aged women have more ______ stressors, whereas their male counterparts have more ______ stressors.
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interpersonal; self-focused
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age groups in other culture -->
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sometimes absent. some cultures have no words for "adolescent", "young adult" or "middle-aged adult"
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in Helson's mills college study, what were the three main groups distinguished among the mills women?
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family-oriented, career-oriented, and neither path(women w/out children and low-level work)
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the deterioration of the brain in alzheimer disease is characterized by the formation of ...?
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amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles
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amyloid plaques
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dense deposits of protein that accumulate in the blood vessels
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neurofibrillary tangles
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twisted fibers that build up in neurons
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mild cognitive impairment (MCI)
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represents a transitional state between the cognitive changes of normal aging and very early Alzheimer disease and other dementias.
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what chemical is associated with Alzheimer's disease?
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acetylcholine
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what chemical is associated with Parkinson's disease?
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dopamine
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true or false
grief is a simple emotional state, accompanying the loss of someone we love. |
false-
grief is a complex, evolving process with multiple dimensions |
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Dual-process model
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a model of coping with bereavement that emphasizes oscillation between two dimensions: (1)loss-oriented stressors, and (2)restoration-oriented stressors
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loss-oriented stressors
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focus on the deceased individual and can include grief work and both positive and negative reappraisal of the loss.
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restoration-oriented stressors
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involve the secondary stressors that emerge as indirect outcomes of bereavement. includes changing identity, and mastering skills.
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infatuation
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passion
but no intimacy or commitment |
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affectionate love
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intimacy and commitment
but no passion |
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fatuous love
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passion and commitment
but no intimacy |
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consummate love
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passion and intimacy and commitment
strongest form of love |
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traditional approach
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views development as being extensive from birth to adolescence (especially during infancy), little to none during adulthood, and declining in old age
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life-span perspective
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views development as lifelong, multidirectional, multidimensional, multidisciplinary, plastic & contextual. also as a process that involves growth, maintenance, and a regulation of loss
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Denial & isolation
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usually only temporary defense
replaced with financial consideration, unfinished business & worry aabout surviving family members |
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anger
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"why me?"
jealousy. anger on nurses and those who are healthy |
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bargaining
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usually bargain with god in attempt to delay their death
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acceptance
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sense of peace. feelings and physical pain virtually absent
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depression
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accepts certainty of death. silent in attempt to disconnect from love objects & contemplate
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