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131 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Social Psychology
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How social rules, attitudes, relationships and group influence people to do things they wouldn't normally
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Cultural Psychology
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Study the broader influence of culture and ethnicity on roles and relationships in society
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Social Norms
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Rules about how we are supposed to act
They are enforced by punishment and reward |
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Social Rules
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Positions people fill that are regulated by norms, such as gender, occupational, family roles
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Milgrams Obedience Study
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Looked at obedience to authority figures - shock tests, people often obeyed
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Stanford Prison Study
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People actually took on these rules
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Why do we obey?
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Want to be polite, Allocate responsibility to authority, Routinizing the task, entrappment
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Attribution Theory
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Explanation of the behavior of ourselves and others
Situational - environment explains problem Dispositional - action of something in the person |
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Fundamental attribution error
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We tend to overestimate personality traits, and blame the person, not the situtation
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Attitudes... Explicit and Implicit
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Attitudes are a belief and feelings about people, events and objects
Explicit - we are aware of our attitudes Implicit - we are unaware |
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Self-Serving Bias
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We are more likely to take credit for good actions and let situations account for our failures
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Just-World Hypothesis
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Attributions are affected by the need to think that the world is fair
Blame the victim of rape for wearing short skirt |
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Familiarity Effect
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Seeing the same thing repeatedly increases positive feelings towards it
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Validity Effect
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Tendency to believe that a statement is true or valid simply because it has been repeated many times
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Conformity
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Taking action or adopting attitudes as a result of real or imagined group pressure
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Group Think
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The tendency to think alike and suppress dissent in a group
Illusion of invulnerability - group believes it 100% correct Self-censorship- dissenters keep quiet to avoid trouble Pressure on dissenters to confirm Illusion of unanimity - consenus |
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Diffusion of responsbility
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tendency of members of a group to avoid taking action because they assume other will
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Social Loafing
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Tendency for a people working in a group to exert less effort
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Deindividuation
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In groups or crowds, the loss of awareness of one's own individuilty
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Social Facilitation
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Improves performance in the presense of others - only works for taskes we are already good at
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Prejudice
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Negative stereotype and strong unreasonably dilike of a group
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Psychological Functions
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Wards off feeling of doubt and fear - use target as scapegoat for your problems or trouble
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Stereotype
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A cognitive schema or a summary impression of a group in which a person believes that all members of the group share a common trait
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Motivation
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An inferred process within a person or animal that causes movement either toward a goal or away from an unpleasant sitation
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Intrinsic motivation
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Desire to do something for it's own sake and for the internal pleasure it provides
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Extrinsic motivation
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Desire to do something for the sake of external rewards
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Motives for love
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Need for affiliation
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Proximity
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Tend to fall in love with people near to you in location
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Similarity
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choose friends and loved ones who share attitudes, beliefs, values
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Passionate Love
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Turmoil of intense emotions and sexual tension
Crushes, infatuations |
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Companionate Love
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Characterized by affection and trust
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Sternberg created what?
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The triangle theory of love
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Attachment theory of love
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Secure - rarely jealous or worried about being abandoned
Avoidant - Distrust and avoid intimate attachments Anvious-ambivalent - always agitated about their relationships..seek imtimacy but worry about abandonment |
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Attachment theory based on how parents cared for you
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Secure results from - warm close relationship with parents
Anxious-ambivalent - parents are both kind and harsh Avoidant - parents very negative |
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Biology of desire
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HORMONES! Testosterone..hormones affect behavior, but behavior also affects hormones. Also, psychological factors are just as important
Evoluntionary view says men are selected to inseminate as many females as possible |
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Motives for Sex
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Partner Approval
Peer Approval Ehancement Intimacy Coping Self-affirmation |
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As age increases...
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Intamcy and self-enhancement increases and peer or partner approval decreases
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Sexual Scripts
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Set of implicit rules that specify proper sexual behavior for a person in a given situation
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Sexual Orintation
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Mix of biological, environmental, cultural and other experiences
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Glucose
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Form of sugar that when in low levels we feel hungry
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% Heritability of weight
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40-70%
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Set Point
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The genetically influence weight range for an individual, maintained by biological mechanisms that regulate food intake, fat reerves and metabolism
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Baseal Metabolism Rate
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Rate that body burns calories
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Fat Cells
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Store fat for energy, can change in size, but not in number
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Bulimia
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An eating disorder characterized by episodes of excessive eating, followed by force vomiting
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Anorexia
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eating disorder characterized by fear of being fat, a distorted body image, radically reduced comsumption of food and emaciation
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TAT
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test to measure strenght of motivation, by McClelland
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Goals best when..
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challenging but acheivable
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Performance Goals
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framed in terms of performing well in front of others
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Mastery Goals
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framed in terms of increasing one's competence and skills
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Self-efficancy
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A person's belief that he or she is capable of producing desired results, such as mastering new skills and reaching goals
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Maslows Pyramid of Needs
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First Physiological needs, then safey needs, belonging and love needs, esteem needs, and self-actualization
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Approach-Approach conflict
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Equally attracted to two activities or goals
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Avoidance-Avoidance conflict
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Choosing between the lesser of the evils
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Approach-avoidance conflict
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one activity or goal has both postivie and negative elements
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Germinal Stage
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Conception - 14 days
Zygote -(fertilized Egg) divides and attaches to the uterus Implatation |
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Embryonic Stage
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14 days to 8 weeks
Sexual Differentation Testosterone secretion |
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Fetal Stage
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8 weeks to birth
Further organ and nervous system development Brain and NS develop most in last 12 weeks |
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Premature Birth
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Less physically and cognitively developed
Up to 2 months early still has fighting chance |
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Teratogens
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Noxious substance or factors that can disrupts prenatal development
X-rays: Disrupts development of brain cells Drugs - Abnormal physical and psychological development Alchohol - Mental retardation, facial disfigurement Diseases - STDs, measles |
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Infancy
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Birthy - 2 years
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Motor Reflexes
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Rooting Reflex - look for nipple when cheek is touched
Moro Reflex - Cling inward when falling |
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Perception
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Newborns can't focus on distance objects
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Contact Comfort
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Being touched and held effect us emotionally and physically
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Harlows Monkeys
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Babies monkeys much perferred soft mommy
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Mary Ainsworth
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Categorized the types of attachments between infant and caregiver
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Separation Anxiety
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When primary caregiver leaves baby or young child
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Secure Attachment
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Use caregiver as a secure base to explore - Reference caregiver when stranger arrives
Likely has caregiver that are constantly available |
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Insecure-Avoidance Attachment
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Little regarder for caregiver, no referencing, often treat stranger like caregiver, no distress when caregiver leaves, Indifferent to caregivers return
Likely has caregiver that does not meet proximity seeking needs |
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Insecure-Anxious or Ambivalent Attachment
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Cling to caregiver and do not explore, extreme distress when caregiver leaves, likely has caregivers that are inconsistently available
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Cognitive Development
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How we acquire knowledge and understand the world during our lives
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Jean Piaget
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Examined the strategies children used to think and solve problems
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Schemas
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Mental network of associations, beliefs, and experiences about categories of things and people
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Assimilation
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Fit new information into and existing schema....example dogs
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Accommodation
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Modifying an exsiting schema in response to new information of experience
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Sensorimotor Stage
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Birth to 2 years
Learn through concrete actions - touching, hearing, looking Coordinate senory experience and motor behavior |
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Object Permanence
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Something continues to exist even if you cannot see or touch it
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Symbolic Thought
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Story about a dog, baby will point to dog
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Preoperation stage
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2 to 7 years
Language more sophisticated but still have trouble with mental manipulation of information |
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Animisn
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Inanimate objects have lifelike qualities (in preoperationl stage)
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Egocentrism
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See the world only through their own perspective - in preoperational stage
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Conservation
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Physical properties do not change even when their form or appearance does - cannot be grasped by children in preoperational stage
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Concrete Operational
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(7-11) years - Child learns to logically reason about objects. Understands conservation
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Formal Operational
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12-Adulthood, think in more abstract, idealistic and locial way
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Kohlberg
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Theorist on moral development
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Preconverntial Stage
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Children has not internalized moral values
Guided by rewards and punishments |
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Conventional Stage
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Importance of following societies rules and norms
Maintain social order, law, justice and duty |
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Post-Conventional Stage
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Moral development is completely internalized
Thinks that certain laws or morals are themsleves unjust and must be changed |
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Gender Typing
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Societies ideas about what abilities traits and behaviors are masculine or feminine
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Adolescene
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Period of Development between puberty and adulthood - Physiological changes - increase of androgens in boys, estrogens in girls
Maturation of sex organs and apparance of secondary secondary characteristics |
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Erikson's Stages of Development - Trust vs. Mistrust
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Birth to 1 year - Treatment by caregivers creates trust in a good world
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Erikson's Stages of Development - Autonomy vs. shame and doubt
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1-3 years - Child is allowed to make independent decisions or is made to feel ashamed/full of doubt about own decisions
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Erikson's Stages of Development - Initiation vs. guilt
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3-6 years
Child either develops own purpose/direction or is made to feel guilty by overly controlling caregivers |
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Erikson's Stages of Development - Industy vs. Inferiority
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6 to 11 years - Child either feels competent working with others or inferior
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Erikson's Stages of Development - Intimacy vs. Isoltation
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Young adulthood - Forming deep/intimate relationships with others or becoming socially isolated
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Erikson's Stages of Development - Generativity vs. Self-absorption
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40-65 years - Determining what to leave behind for future generations or failing to grasp a sense of meaning in life
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Erikson's Stages of Development - Integrity vs. Dispair
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65 and up - Feeling that life was worthwhile of feeling despair about one's life and fearing death
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Personality
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A set of Characterisitcs, emotional responces, thougths and behavior
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Psychodynamic
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Role of unconscios in personality
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Trait
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Extent to which individuals personalities differ from one another
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Social-Cognitive
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Interactions between persons on their environments
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Humanistic
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Role of personal experiences and personal growth
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Freud Structure of Personality
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Conscious - Acute awareness
Preconscious - just under awareness, easily known Unconscious - Well below awareness, difficult to know but very influential |
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Ego
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Partly Conscious and unconscious
Functions on reality principles Balances demands of id and superego |
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Id
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Completely unconscious or submerged - Functions on pleasure principle; immediate gratification of needs to reduce tension and discomfort
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Superego
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Centered in the pre-conscious; functions on more idealistic principle; our moral guide/conscience
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Repression
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Blocking out/prevention of anxiety, forcing anxiety back into the unconscious
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Rationalization
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Concocting a seemingly logical reason or excuse for a behavior that would otherwise be shameful or innapropiate
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Projection
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Attribution unaccptable quialities of the self to someone else
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Displacement
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Direct Emotions towards things, animals, or others that are not the real objects of their feelings
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Sublimation
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Channeling impulses into constructive or admiable behavior
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Reaction Formation
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Warding off uncomfortable thoughts by overemphasizing the opposite
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Regression
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Person reverts to a previous phase of psychological development
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Oral Stage
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Birth to one year - Gratification is centered around the mouth
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Anal Stage
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2 to 3 years - Gratification is centered around the pleasure of defecation
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Phallic stage
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3 to 6 years - Awareness of genitals at this time
Oedipus Complex - desire towards same sex parent Electra Complex - Girls discover that they do not have a penis and want one |
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Latency
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6 to puberty; Sexual urges are repressed and transformed into socially acceptable activities
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Genital
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Puberty-Adulthood; successful resolution and development into a mature sexual relationship
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Frued's theory sparked...
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Psychoanalysis...whoo hoo!
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Rorschack Inkblots
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We we see reflects our inner feelings and conflicts
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Thematic Apperception Tests
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Asked to make up dramatic story about a picture; effective in identifying motivational states
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Trait
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A characteristic pattern of behavior
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Trait Theory
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Focus not on precesses that shape our personality but the extent to which individuals differ in their personality dispositions
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Allport's Trait Theory - Cardinal traits
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Affect every area of individuals life
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Allport's Trait Theory - Central Traits
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Influence many aspects of our lives, but not quite as pervasive
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Allport's Trait Theory - Secondary traits
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Affect narrower aspects of our lives - like favorite food being ice cream
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Temperaments
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Physciological dispositions to respond to the envirnoment in certain ways
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Heritablility
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Proportion of the total variance in a trait that is attributable to a genetic variation in a group
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Internal Locus of Control
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The perception that one controls one's own fate
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External locus of control
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The perception that outside forces determine one's fate
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Humanistic Theory
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Approach that emphasized personal growth, resilience and the achievement of human potential
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