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67 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Wilhelm Wundt
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Father of Psychology
opened first psychology lab 1st person to identify himself as a psychologist founded the school of thought: Structuralism |
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Psychology's date of birth
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1879
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4 goals of psychology
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1. Describe behavior and cognition
2.Explain why behavior occurs 3.Predict future behavior 4. control behavior and cognition |
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Structuralism
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examining the structure of the conscious experience.
method; introspection; simulating an experience, describing the experience. coming to conclusions based on subjects decription. VERY subjective, a very short lived school of thought. |
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Stimulis Error
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Anything description that describes physical properties when using structuralism
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William James
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Founder of Psychology in America
first president and founder of APA founder of functionalism developed the idea of practical psychology: applying discoveries in psych to help the real world |
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Functionalism
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examines the Function of Consciousness
believes that people behave a certain way that is somehow advantageous to natural selection. |
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Behaviorism
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founded by JB hudson. Believed that observing cognitive events was not scientific. believed the outside environment had a greater affect on an individual. Behaviorists control environments and examine people's behavior based on that
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B.F Skinner
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Used reinforcement method to train animals. because animals acted so strongly to changes in their outside environment, he determined that people did not have the ability of free will, but rather that their outside environments controlled their thoughts and decisions
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Gestalt
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opposite of Structuralism: believed that the overall cognitive experience was more important that examining individual aspects of the experience
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cognitive psychological perspective
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1950s
emphasized cognitive processes on behavior how/why people make decisions/percieve things |
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psychodynamic psychological perspective
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focuses on childhood and how it affects the unconscious
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Humanistic psychological perspective
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believe humans are unique, no animal research
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Evolutionary psychological perspective
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believe our behavior and cognitions are the way they are because they are adapted for survival
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positive psychology
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believe that there is too much focus on the negative side of psychology and not the positive
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tenacity
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the idea of accepting a belief because of superstition, culture, rumor
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Authority
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accept an idea as fact because someone in a position of authority told it to you
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reason and logic
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drawing knowledge/logic from previous premise/ experience
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scientific method
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method used in scientific observation, replicable
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falsifiable
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proving something to be false
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replicable
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able to be repeated
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empirical
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observable
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self critical
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always critique your own study, look for mistakes and other causes
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hypothesis
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the proposed relationship between two or more variables
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variable
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any term that can vary or change within the experiement
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correlational/descriptive research
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gathers data without manipulating environment/control
naturalistic observation self report interview |
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naturalistic observation
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study behavior w/o interaction. see actual behavior of public life. No control
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self report
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have individuals report behaviors/attitude
questionnairre- written survey, ability to choose sensitive topics, many can participate interview- verbal response, able to explain quesitons, lots of time, potential for participants to be less honest |
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case study
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intsensive/in-depth interview with small group of people. focus onthe abnormal
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trace methods
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artifacts left behind be people that can be studied
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Trace methods- accretion
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things added to the environment examples: cigarette butts, graffitti, etc.
cons- unobtrusive BUT there is no way to tell who is behind the behavior. there are also issues with consent/ ethics |
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Trace methods- erosion
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wearing away/depletion of the environment
example studies: figuring out which museum exhibit is most popular by examining wear and tear on tiles things added to the environment examples: cigarette butts, graffitti, etc. cons- unobtrusive BUT there is no way to tell who is behind the behavior. there are also issues with consent/ ethics |
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ind. variable
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the variable the researcher has control over
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dependent variable
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the variable that is measured in the research
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confounding variables
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unintended variables that interfere with control
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demand characteristics
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a feature of study that might inform subjects on topic of research
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participant expectancy: definition plus two types
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what participants expect to happen
placebo effect- participants see improvement because they expect to feel better hawthorne effect- how the expectation of a change in environment changes behavior |
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experimenter expectancy: definition plus 1 type
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interpretation of behavior of subjects changes based on expectation
clever hans- horse, experimenter communicates expectancy on patient |
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double blind experiment
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both the experimenter and the patient are unaware of what group they are testing
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sampling bias
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results of study are not representative of population
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drawbacks of experiment style research
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too artificial, too high patient/experimenter expectancy, ethics
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operational definition
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very specific statement of how something will be analyzed.
example: aggression in this study is defined as hitting and kicking |
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informed consent
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written or spoken consent to participate in an experiment by patient.
experimenter must give enough information for the participant to make an educated choice upon whether to participate |
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right to withdraw
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at any time, an experimenter can withdraw
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voluntary participation
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participation in study must be completely voluntary
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minimize harm and discomfort
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expirementer must provide subjects with info about risks, and prevent them from harm
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insure confidentiality
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if study requires providing sensitive or harmful information to be given by subject, confidentiality must be insured
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deception only if justifiable
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if the study requires deception in order to examine behavior, the subjects must be debriefed and be made aware of deception post experiment
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animal research
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used to study important diseases: alchoholism, diabetes, alzheimers research
looser ethical standards |
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frequency distribution
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showing what results fell into each category, summarizes information gathered from study
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bar graph
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graph that categorizes results into distinctive bars
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histogram
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continous/flush bar scale
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frequency polygon
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line graph
points with lines that connect |
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central tendency
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typical/average score determined by mean median mode
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mean
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average score
pro- takes into account every score con- outliers will skew the mean |
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median
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n+1/2
the middle score, not subject to outliers |
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mode
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the most frequently ocurring score
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measures of variability
range |
range- highscore-lowscore=x
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standard deviation
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the average deviation from the mean
or how far away something is from the mean the smaller the standard deviation- the less variability and the more correlation the bigger standard deviation= more variability and less correlation |
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scatter plot
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the more scatter on the graph, the less of a relationship between the variables
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correlation coefficient
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a statistic that measures degree of relationship between variables in a direction
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positive relationship
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as x increases y increases
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negative relationship
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as x increases y decreases
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magnitude/strength
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the closer R is to +1, the stronger the coorelation
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what happens to secreted neurotransmitters?
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3 options:
1. reabsorbed into axon terminal 2. inactivation-they are destroyed 3. rebind a second time |
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how are neurotransmitter levels determined
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genetics
neurotoxins nicotine caffeine disease diet=depletion aging=depletion stress=depletion |
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Gamma Amino Butyric Acid (G.A.B.A)
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primary inhibitory neurotransmitter
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