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77 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
The Theory of sexual selection
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Selection for traits and behaviors that increase mating and reproductive success
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Intrasexual Selection
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Within-sex competition for mating opportunities
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Intersexual selection
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Selection in choosing a mate
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Generally females are more likely to be the ____ and males the ____
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Generally females are more likely to be the choosy sex and males the competitive sex
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Monogamy
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1 male with 1 female such as the Royal Albatross
Regarding mate choise, females can only choose an unmated male so they may need to settle for less desirable male if best ones are mated already |
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Polygamy
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Individuals of one sex mate with miltiple individuals of another sex
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Polygyny
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1 male - multiple feamles
Males may attract the females with their resources (such as land) or may protect the females that they have already (female defence) Females can all choose the same, most deserable male |
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Polyandry
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1 female, multiple males - like the wattled jacana
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Because of intrasexual competition in polygynous animals
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Males who are very effective in compeition often mate with multiple females and this generates powerful selection on males for traits that intimidate or otherwise provide a reproductive edge over other males
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Which type of mating system has a large difference in the body sizes between males and females
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Polygamy
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Wierd things regarding intraspeciers variations in mating systems
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Some animals may participate in surreptitious matings (bluegill sunfish) or forced matings (sea lions)
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Feedback sensitivity
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Modification of behavior depending on consequences
Males who can pick up on female's reactions and adapt are more likely to succeed |
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Flamboyant adaptations for attracting mates are activated by
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Gonadal sterids *Androgens like testosterone and estrogen like estradiol*
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Testosterone level differences regarding monogamous and polygynous species
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Monogamous males show short period of high levels and polygynous males show longer period of high levels
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If we extended the period of high testosterone in monogamous males, do they become polygynous?
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Yes according to Wingfield and Hegner who implanted testosterone into house sparrows and found that implanted males tended to get additional mates
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However, there are monogamous mating systems because
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the demand for parenting and males with high testosterone levels have actually had lower reproductive success cause without parental care the young did not survive
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Mate Choice
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Any proximate process initiated by the apparent chooser than yields nonrandom fertilization
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Polygynous past for humans?
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Anthropological evidence - over 80% of preindustrial cultures allow or have allowed polygynous marriages - usually by culturally successful men
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monogamous species reach sexual maturity
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at the same time, males and females
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polygynous species, males reach sexual maturity
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slower than females - this is how humans tend to be
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Factors that tend to make variance in reproductive success higher for men than women
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Men are more likely to:
- remarry after divorce - have children with second spouse - have extramarital intercourse |
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However, we are monogamous because we have to provide
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boparental care because infants are so helpless and we also have very strong attachment systems
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Fact that females like men with DIFFERENT immune system is called
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MHC compatiblity
MHC affects body odor and we can smell differences |
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Couples who have similiar MHC alleles
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- women's sexual respnsivity to their partners decreased
- number of extrapair sexual partners increased - their attraction to men other than their primary partners increases, particulary during the fertile phase of their cycles |
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Environments with low resources, men might benefit from seeking
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one mate to maximize fitness
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Envirnoments with high resources, men might best benefit from purusing
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multiple partners to maximize fitness
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Women singled out
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olfaction as the sensory system that most affects their mate choice, and results indicated that normally cycling women near the peak fertility of their sysle tended to prefer the scent of shirts worn my symmetrical men
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For long term, men want
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good personality, friendly, intelligence, social compatibility, and sexual fidelity
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Regarding reproductive value, men look for
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Age - younger: reproductive prime; physical attractiveness/health
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What do women want for long term?
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Social Status, age, personality - willingness to invest
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What do women want regarding reproductive value of men
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Physical attractiveness, masculinity, symmetrical features, health
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The handicap thing
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Men who display things that are hard or an inconvence to posess look more appealing to females
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Fluctuating asymmetry
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deviation from perfect symmetry in bilateral traits
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Morton's Motivation-structural rule
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Aggreesive - low-pitched, discconant sounds
Appeasement - high pitched sounds |
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The larger the aniaml...
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the lower the pitch
PHYSICS for survival |
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Red deer
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Roar really loudly!! females prefer deeper roars
mobile larynx |
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Anne Fernald
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Did shit with Infant directed speech
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4 elements of IDS
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Stimulation/attention
Encouragement/approval Prohibiting Comfort/soothing |
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Stimulation/attention
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Gets higher pitched at the end
rise in pitch at end higher pitched overall "Can you get it?" |
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Encouragement/approval
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higher pitched overall, but pitched goes down at end
"that's a good boy" |
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Prohibition
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Lower pitched - sudden onset, quicker
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Comfort/soothing
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Lower pitched - more drawn out
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Konrad Lorenz
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Imprinting
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Filial Imprinting
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Sun - the early and strong motivation to attend to and follow the caretaker
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Lorenz characterized imprinting process as:
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Fast, possible during only a critical period, irreversible, and does not require conventional conditioning processes - only partially correct
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When visual stimulus is paired with species typical call
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then imprinting is ingrained
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Imprinting to visual stimului is more
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powerful if paired with species typical maternal call
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Training of imprinting occurs
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like first 24 hours
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The movement que
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is very powerful in imprinting
there is more approach stimulus when the thing is moving |
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Infants more likely to follow something when it is
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SPINNING!
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What body parts are important for imprinting
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head and neck presented
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When there are external sources of guidance
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imprinting is also more successful, like when siblings follow too
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Bob Lickliter
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Looked at if housing ducklings alone or with their siblings changed the imprinting process
alone -> don't discriminate With other ducklings ->discriminate |
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Improper imprinting can
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be reversed
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Pavlovian conditioning
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is involve with imprinting - like the mother's call
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Operant conditioning
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once imprinting has taken place, return of the imprinted object can reinforce distress calling and other instrumental activities by young birds - youngster is rewarded if they distress call
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Once the youngster develops an...
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attachment to an imprinted object it is powerfully motivated to maintain contact and is distressed if contact is broken
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Three characteristics of attachment
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Recognition, preference and then the aversive responce (to the removal of the attachment object)
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Panksepp's
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Endorphin-addiction; having to do with attachment and natural endorphins
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Genomic imprinting
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is a genetic phenomenon where the allele that is expressed is determined solely on which parents contributes it
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Placental tissues grows best with...
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paternal chronosomes influence
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Placental invasion
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it's an adaptation - the placenta secretes hormones that decrease the sensitivity of the mother to insulin and thus make a larger supply of blood sugar available to the fetus
then the mother responds by increasing the level of insulin in her bloodstream...then the placenta has insulin receptors that stimulate the production of insulion-degarding enzynes |
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There are conflicts with blood supply regarding the placenta
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and the fetus demands a larger blood supple than is optimal for the mother - which causes hypertension and high birth weight is positively correclated with maternal blood pressure
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The Red Queen Principle
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Organisms must keep evolving to maintain tehmselves in constantly changing envirnments
"It's takes all the running you can do, to keep in the same place" |
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Benefits of asexual reproduction
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Offspring genetically identical to parents (get 100% of your genes into the next generation)
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Sex is...
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Costly!
have to find a mate, courtship, STIs, only 50% of your genes go into next generation |
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Sex is important because
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it creates a generation of complex and varied immune systems, so it's hard to wipe out all the offsprings
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Darwinian Medicine
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Studying medical problems in an evolutional context - understanding evolutionary defenses in response to conflicts with other organisms
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Skuas
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very agrressive, will steal other food in the air, kill other seabirds by scaring off the mothers, and then eating the chicks
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Harris hawks
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each bird plays a role, but it's unplanned
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Orchid mantis
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matches the color exactly of the plant it's on to kill butterflies
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Death Adder
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uses it's tail to temp it's prey, they thikn it's tail is a worm
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Polyandry is seen in what species?
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wattled jacana
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Feedback sensitivity was shown in the
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male satin bowerbirds
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flamboyant adaptations are often mediated by
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hormonal mechanisms
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How is IDS viewed according to prime focus
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it's a functioning to cultivate language in the infant from the outset
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Stage-specific
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each developmental stage as complete in it's own right
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