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427 Cards in this Set
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proximity
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the tendency to perceive obj that are close to each other as part of the same grouping
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similarity
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the tendency to perceive things that look similar to each other as being part of that same group
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continuity
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tendency to perceive things as simply as possible w/ continuous pattern rather than w/ a complex, broken-up pattern.
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relative size,
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If 2 objs are similar in size, we perceive 1 that casts a smaller retinal image as farther away
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continuity
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tendency to perceive things as simply as possible w/ continuous pattern rather than w/ a complex, broken-up pattern.
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interposition (occlusion),
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1 obj blocks our view of another, the obj that is blocking is closer
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Social psychology
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how the prescense of others influnce bahaviors thoughts or feelings
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texture gradient, .
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We see fewer details (texture) the farther an obj is from
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relative size,
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If 2 objs are similar in size, we perceive 1 that casts a smaller retinal image as farther away
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linear perspective
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Parallel lines appear to converge w/ distance,
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What is the scientific method
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1. Perceive
2. Hypothesize 3. Test 4. Draw conclusions 5. Report, Revise, Replicate 6. Repeat |
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Naturalistic Observation
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pro-clear definition behavior
con- obserer effect and observer bias |
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Descriptive research types
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Naturalistic Observation ,Laboratory Observation , Case Studies, Survey
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generalized anxiety disorder
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tenseness and apprehension (6 mo or more) autonomic arousal,
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panic disorder
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min long ep of intense dread, or terror chest pains, choking or other frightening sensation
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phobias
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persistent and irrational fear of an obj or situation that disrupts behavior
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Obsessive complusive disorder
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persistence of unwanted thoughts (obsessions) and urge to engage in senseless rituals (compulsions) that cause distress.
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Laboratory Observation
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pro- control over environ
con-artifical behaviors |
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chameleon effect
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unconsciously mimick others expressions posture and voice tones- 4 empathy mirror neurons
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conformity
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chang behavior to match others Asch studie
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major depressive
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response to past or current loss, 2 or more weeks letharygy, feelings of worthlessness, loss of interest in family & friends, and activites
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bipolar disorder
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depressive symp: gloomy, withdrawn, inability to make descisions, tired, slow.
manic symp: elation, euphoria, desire action, hyperactive, multiple ideas |
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interposition (occlusion),
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1 obj blocks our view of another, the obj that is blocking is closer
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biological perspective on depression
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geneic influences , reduction of norepinephrine and serotonin drugs: norepinephrine.
scans: PET shows brain energy consumption rises and falls w/ manic and depressive ep. |
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linear perspective
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Parallel lines appear to converge w/ distance,
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self defeating beliefs and explanatory style play in depression
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stable/temporary
global/specific internal/external-specific |
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Naturalistic Observation
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pro-clear definition behavior
con- obserer effect and observer bias |
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case studies-
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pro-extreme detail
con-individ cases not replicable results |
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survey
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pro: self reported attitudes opinions or behaviors , RANDOM sampling
con: wording effect |
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dissociative identity disorder
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a person exhibits 2 or more distinct and alternating personalitities.
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obedience
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changing behav at command of authority figure comply to social pressures : Milgrams Study
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DID critics
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argue that diagnosis of DID has increased to 20,000 cases from 2 cases.
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schizophenia genetic factors
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1% of population world wide, iden twins have 50% chance of having.
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schizophenia genetic factors
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1% of population world wide, iden twins have 50% chance of having.
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extinction
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Diminishing of a conditioned response
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viruses and schizoprenia
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to viral infections during pregnancy particularly in the 2nd trimester 5-6%- icreased chance
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viruses and schizoprenia
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to viral infections during pregnancy particularly in the 2nd trimester 5-6%- icreased chance
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Laboratory Observation
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pro- control over environ
con-artifical behaviors |
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spontaneous recovery
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The reappearance of an extinguished response after a break
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psychoanalytical therapies
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bring repressed feeling into conscious awareness (psychoanalysis)
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psychoanalytical therapies
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bring repressed feeling into conscious awareness (psychoanalysis)
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psychological therapies
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confiding interaction between a trained therapist and a patient
action therapies, insight based therapies |
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psychological therapies
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confiding interaction between a trained therapist and a patient
action therapies, insight based therapies |
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dissociative disorder
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conscious awareness becomes separated from prev memories thougths and feelings. symp: sense of being unreal, being sep from body, watching themselves in a movie.
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cognitive therapies
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•Based on the assump that thots intervene between events and our emo rxn.
ACTION THERAPY looks for Distortion of thinking |
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cognitive therapies
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•Based on the assump that thots intervene between events and our emo rxn.
ACTION THERAPY looks for Distortion of thinking |
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random sampling
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each memb of pop has a = chance of being selected
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Personality Disoders
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inflex and enduring behav patterns that impair social functioning, Avoidant pers dis,
narcissitic pers dis Borderline prs dis |
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humanistic therapies
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Uses active listening
Echoes, restates, and clarifies patient’s thinking, acknow expressed feelings |
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humanistic therapies
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Uses active listening
Echoes, restates, and clarifies patient’s thinking, acknow expressed feelings |
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generalization
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Tendency for similar stimuli to elicit similar responses
Little Albert- afraid of not only rat but anything furry. |
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Borderline pers dis
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extreme reactions
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Asch Study
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lines standars which of 3 is same as shown (conformity)
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avoidant pers dis
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fear of rejections
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discrimination
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Ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and other stimuli
Lit Alb: |
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Distortion of Thinking
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cog therapy:
–Arbitrary inference – “jumping to conclusions” (john didn’t return call must b seeing some1 else) –Overgeneralization – sweeping conclusions they r somewhat evi based –Magnification – out of proportion (one examine, not going to get job u want) –Minimization – not emph good things Personalization – take blame 4 things out of control |
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antidepressants drugs
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selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, lowers reuptake of serotonin, SSRIS
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antidepressants drugs
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selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, lowers reuptake of serotonin, SSRIS
|
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Distortion of Thinking
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cog therapy:
–Arbitrary inference – “jumping to conclusions” (john didn’t return call must b seeing some1 else) –Overgeneralization – sweeping conclusions they r somewhat evi based –Magnification – out of proportion (one examine, not going to get job u want) –Minimization – not emph good things Personalization – take blame 4 things out of control |
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Antimanic Drugs
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stabilize manic episodes in bipoler disorder, moderates lvls of Norepinephrine and glutamate neurotrans (A salt)
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Antimanic Drugs
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stabilize manic episodes in bipoler disorder, moderates lvls of Norepinephrine and glutamate neurotrans (A salt)
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narcissistic pers dis
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think the world is abt them
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Electroconvulsive therapy to treat and side effects
|
severley depressed patients- unrepsonsive to drugs, memory loss before and a little after. 80%
100 volt short 3 sessions |
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Electroconvulsive therapy to treat and side effects
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severley depressed patients- unrepsonsive to drugs, memory loss before and a little after. 80%
100 volt short 3 sessions |
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cognitive-behavior therapy
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– Alter the way ppl act (behavior therapy) and the way they think (cognitive therapy)
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does TMS work for depression
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repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation- yes
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does TMS work for depression
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repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation- yes
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cognitive-behavior therapy
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– Alter the way ppl act (behavior therapy) and the way they think (cognitive therapy)
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case studies-
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pro-extreme detail
con-individ cases not replicable results |
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active listening?
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humanistic therp
•Echoes, restates, and clarifies, acknowl expres feelings. |
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active listening?
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humanistic therp
•Echoes, restates, and clarifies, acknowl expres feelings. |
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antsocial personlity disrder
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a lack of conscience for wrongdoing, even towards friends and family members Psychopaths, sociopaths
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person-centered therapy
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humanistic: ative list, nondirective, non judging, unconditional pos regard-pos emo rxns
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circadian rhythm
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our biological clock, 24 hr cycle
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circadian rhythm
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our biological clock, 24 hr cycle
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person-centered therapy
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humanistic: ative list, nondirective, non judging, unconditional pos regard-pos emo rxns
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circadian rhythm brain involved and chemical that controls it?
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yeah brain involve, hypothalamus, decress melatonin in morning and increase in nightfall.
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circadian rhythm brain involved and chemical that controls it?
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yeah brain involve, hypothalamus, decress melatonin in morning and increase in nightfall.
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Operant Contitioning
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Forms association between behaviors and resulting events (rewards and punishments)
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Milgram studies
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obedience
results: shock person unseen to the end when they are passed out : 63% finished |
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how to measure brain activity when we are sleeping?
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with an EEG, 90 min through cycle
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Insomnia
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persistant inability to fall asleep
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Insomnia
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persistant inability to fall asleep
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how to measure brain activity when we are sleeping?
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with an EEG, 90 min through cycle
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Narcolepsy
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overpowering urge to fall asleep that may occur while talking or standing up
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Narcolepsy
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overpowering urge to fall asleep that may occur while talking or standing up
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perception
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method by which sensations experienced are interpreted and organized in a meaningful fashion.
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Sleep Apnea
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failure to breathe when asleep
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Sleep Apnea
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failure to breathe when asleep
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survey
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pro: self reported attitudes opinions or behaviors , RANDOM sampling
con: wording effect |
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Kids sleep disorders
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night terrors: fear stage 4
sleepwalking: stage 4 Sleeptalking: runs in familes |
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Kids sleep disorders
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night terrors: fear stage 4
sleepwalking: stage 4 Sleeptalking: runs in familes |
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stages of sleep + waves
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awake : beta waves
5 stages: 1 (light sleep0 and 2(temp breath decrease) = theta faster smaller, 3 and 4 delta waves slower- growth hormone release, 5) REM |
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Sleep theories- why we sleep
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Adaptive theory- sleep protects ancetors
Restorative theory= sleep helps us recover and grow. Sleep helps us rememer: rebuilds fading mem |
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Sleep theories- why we sleep
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Adaptive theory- sleep protects ancetors
Restorative theory= sleep helps us recover and grow. Sleep helps us rememer: rebuilds fading mem |
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stages of sleep + waves
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awake : beta waves
5 stages: 1 (light sleep0 and 2(temp breath decrease) = theta faster smaller, 3 and 4 delta waves slower- growth hormone release, 5) REM |
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negative reinforcers
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Increasing behaviors by removing neg stimuli
ex: taking off seat belt get annoying sounds |
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Theories as to why we dream
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feud's wish fullfillment, information processing, physiological function, activation-synthesis, cognitive theory.
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Theories as to why we dream
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feud's wish fullfillment, information processing, physiological function, activation-synthesis, cognitive theory.
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selective attention
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ability to focus on only 1 stimulus from among all sensory input.
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role of hypothalamus play in circadian rhythm
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suprachiasmatic nucleus triggered by light decreases melatonin
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role of hypothalamus play in circadian rhythm
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suprachiasmatic nucleus triggered by light decreases melatonin
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Operant Contitioning
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Forms association between behaviors and resulting events (rewards and punishments)
|
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four major classes of drugs
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antipsychotic, antianxiety antidepressants, and antimanic
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four major classes of drugs
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antipsychotic, antianxiety antidepressants, and antimanic
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REM paralysis
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voluntary muscles are relaxed
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anciety
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cognitive and exporsure
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free association
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patient says anything aloud that comes to mind.
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anciety
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cognitive and exporsure
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bulimia
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cognitive-behavior
|
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bulimia
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cognitive-behavior
|
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free association
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patient says anything aloud that comes to mind.
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REM paralysis
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voluntary muscles are relaxed
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Do cognitive therapies work?
|
inexpensive, works w/ depression stress anxiety, eating disorders and schizo to a small degree/
potential bias on what needs to be changed by therapist. |
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Do cognitive therapies work?
|
inexpensive, works w/ depression stress anxiety, eating disorders and schizo to a small degree/
potential bias on what needs to be changed by therapist. |
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characteristics of humanistic therapy
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focus on: conscious thts, present and future self, promoting growth instead of curing illness, taking responsibility
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goal of cog therapies
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active teaches adaptive ways of thinking and acting, intervene between events and our emotional reactions.
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goal of cog therapies
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active teaches adaptive ways of thinking and acting, intervene between events and our emotional reactions.
|
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characteristics of humanistic therapy
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focus on: conscious thts, present and future self, promoting growth instead of curing illness, taking responsibility
|
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role in cognition play in disorders
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the distortions of thinking:
arbitrary inference overgeneralization magnification minimization personalization lead to these disorders |
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role in cognition play in disorders
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the distortions of thinking:
arbitrary inference overgeneralization magnification minimization personalization lead to these disorders |
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Social loafing
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tend of indivi in group to put less effort toward attaining goal that when inidivid tested
|
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aversive conditioning
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associates unpleasant state w/ unwanted behavior- closer to punishment
expectation learned not association. |
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aversive conditioning
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associates unpleasant state w/ unwanted behavior- closer to punishment
expectation learned not association. |
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resistance
|
when your brain makes a conscious desicion to block coming out
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systematic desensitization
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cant be anxious and relaced, associates relaxed state with gradually increasing anxiety- phobias.
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systematic desensitization
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cant be anxious and relaced, associates relaxed state with gradually increasing anxiety- phobias.
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resistance
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when your brain makes a conscious desicion to block coming out
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exporsure therapies
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exposes patient to things they fear and avoid extinction of conditioned fear response. (get used to a ticking clock)
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exporsure therapies
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exposes patient to things they fear and avoid extinction of conditioned fear response. (get used to a ticking clock)
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REM rebound
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increased amt of REM sleep if depreived prior
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counterconditioning
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conditions new responses to stimuli that trigger unwanted behaviors
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counterconditioning
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conditions new responses to stimuli that trigger unwanted behaviors
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dream interpretation
|
manifest content: actual dream content
Latent content: symbolism behind the dream content. |
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behavior theories use classical learnign technique to modify behavior
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counterconditioning and operant conditioning action therapy, token economy
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behavior theories use classical learnign technique to modify behavior
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counterconditioning and operant conditioning action therapy, token economy
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dream interpretation
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manifest content: actual dream content
Latent content: symbolism behind the dream content. |
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operant conditioning used to modify behavior ?
|
esired behavior rewarded and undesired behavior rewarded or punished tp change behavior token economy-
|
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operant conditioning used to modify behavior ?
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esired behavior rewarded and undesired behavior rewarded or punished tp change behavior token economy-
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REM rebound
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increased amt of REM sleep if depreived prior
|
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token economies
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earn tokens for certain behavior, traded good stuff, used in institutional settings.
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token economies
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earn tokens for certain behavior, traded good stuff, used in institutional settings.
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aims of psychoanalysis
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repressed impulses and conflicts in childhood. feeling into conscious awareness id and ego and super ego in conflict.
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aims of psychoanalysis
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repressed impulses and conflicts in childhood. feeling into conscious awareness id and ego and super ego in conflict.
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antipsychotic drugs
|
classical- remove #pos symtoms - delusions hallucinations
Atypical- trys to remove neg symp: apathy, concentration-blocks dop receptors |
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criticisms associated with psychoanalysis
|
hard to refeute can't be proven or disproven, takes a long time and expensive (yrs)
|
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criticisms associated with psychoanalysis
|
hard to refeute can't be proven or disproven, takes a long time and expensive (yrs)
|
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antipsychotic drugs
|
classical- remove #pos symtoms - delusions hallucinations
Atypical- trys to remove neg symp: apathy, concentration-blocks dop receptors |
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psychotherapy effectivness? data vs patients
|
patients 90% satisfied,
meta analysis - average treated patient better than 80% untreated patients. |
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psychotherapy effectivness? data vs patients
|
patients 90% satisfied,
meta analysis - average treated patient better than 80% untreated patients. |
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positive reinforcers
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Increasing behaviors by presenting pos stimuli
ex: getting a hug/paycheck |
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problems w/ evaluationg therapies
|
clients need to believe therapy worked, natural tendedncy to get better after crisis.
clinicion overestimate success , familys want to see ppl get betr / |
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problems w/ evaluationg therapies
|
clients need to believe therapy worked, natural tendedncy to get better after crisis.
clinicion overestimate success , familys want to see ppl get betr / |
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antianxiety drugs
|
depress central nerv system, reduces tension elevates GABA
|
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meta-analysis
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stat combining results of many studies
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meta-analysis
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stat combining results of many studies
|
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sympt of sleep deprevations
|
fatigue ,impaired concentration, emotional irritability, depressed immune system, gratter vulnerability
|
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commonalities among psychotherapies
|
therapeutic alliance (therapis client relationship, protected setting and hope (placebo effect)
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commonalities among psychotherapies
|
therapeutic alliance (therapis client relationship, protected setting and hope (placebo effect)
|
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sympt of sleep deprevations
|
fatigue ,impaired concentration, emotional irritability, depressed immune system, gratter vulnerability
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antianxiety drugs
|
depress central nerv system, reduces tension elevates GABA
|
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shaping
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Reinforcers guide behavior closer towards a desired behavior
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Group Polarization
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enhances group's prevailing attitudes through discussion.
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shaping
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Reinforcers guide behavior closer towards a desired behavior
|
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negative reinforcers
|
Increasing behaviors by removing neg stimuli
ex: taking off seat belt get annoying sounds |
|
sensation
|
process that occurs when receptors in the sense organs are activiated, allowing stimuli to become neural signals.
|
|
positive reinforcers
|
Increasing behaviors by presenting pos stimuli
ex: getting a hug/paycheck |
|
random sampling
|
each memb of pop has a = chance of being selected
|
|
encoding
|
the set of mental process that ppl perform on sensory info a memory (info )usable later
|
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social facilitation
|
when performance goes up around viewers
|
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storage
|
holding onto info for some period of time
|
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social impairment
|
when performance decreases around viewers
|
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retrieval
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getting info that is in storage into a form that can be used.
|
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arousal relation to performance
|
easy task= improve perform (social falitation)
diffc task= wrose eprform (social impairment) |
|
group think
|
mode of thinking-occurs when desire 4 harmony in group overr realistic appraisal of alternatives
|
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encoding
|
the set of mental process that ppl perform on sensory info a memory (info )usable later
|
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compliance
|
change behavi are result of being asked to change technigques 4
|
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memory
|
an active system that receives info from senses--> into a usable form, organizes stores thn retrieves
|
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storage
|
holding onto info for some period of time
|
|
are the 4 elements of observational learning
|
Attention
Memory Imitation Motivation |
|
Complaince techniques
|
foot in door
door in the face lowball thats not all |
|
short-term memory
|
STM the mem sys in which info is held for brief period of time while being used.
|
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short-term memory
|
STM the mem sys in which info is held for brief period of time while being used.
|
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mirror neurons
|
neurons that fire when someone an action and when someone observes that same action being performed by another.
|
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working memory
|
an active system that processes the info in short-term memory.
|
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working memory
|
an active system that processes the info in short-term memory.
|
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retrieval
|
getting info that is in storage into a form that can be used.
|
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The 3 stores of memory
|
sensory memory, short-term, long-term memory
|
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The 3 stores of memory
|
sensory memory, short-term, long-term memory
|
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observational learning
|
learning new behavior by watching a model perform that behavior
|
|
foot in door
|
asking for a small request then larger after
|
|
door-in-face tech
|
comply tech
asking for larger requen then take smaller |
|
lowball tech
|
getting a commitment and then raising cost
|
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that's-not - all tech
|
make offer then adds something "free"
|
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teratogen
|
any factor that can cause a birth defect
|
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teratogen
|
any factor that can cause a birth defect
|
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memory
|
an active system that receives info from senses--> into a usable form, organizes stores thn retrieves
|
|
normative social influ
|
want to be likes gain acceptance : price if not
|
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schema
|
mental generalizations abt obg, places , events, and ppl formed through experiences with obj and events
|
|
schema
|
mental generalizations abt obg, places , events, and ppl formed through experiences with obj and events
|
|
sensory
|
the very first stage of mem, pt at which info enters nervous sys throug the sesory systems.
|
|
assilimation
|
try to to understand new things in terms of chemes they already possess.
|
|
Piaget’s stages of cognitive development
|
1. sensorimotor stage
2.preoperational state 3.Concrete Operations 4.Formal Operations |
|
assilimation
|
try to to understand new things in terms of chemes they already possess.
|
|
informational social influence
|
group rpvide valubale info
|
|
are the 4 elements of observational learning
|
Attention
Memory Imitation Motivation |
|
mirror neurons
|
neurons that fire when someone an action and when someone observes that same action being performed by another.
|
|
accommodation
|
process of altering or adjusting old schemes to fit new info and experiences
|
|
neg sympt of schizophrenia
|
what they should be doing and they arn’t
• Absence of appropriate behaviors •Toneless voices, expressionless faces, mute, rigid bodies |
|
reasons why we conform
|
normative and informational influences: to gain acceptance, get info from group
|
|
sensory
|
the very first stage of mem, pt at which info enters nervous sys throug the sesory systems.
|
|
accommodation
|
process of altering or adjusting old schemes to fit new info and experiences
|
|
egocentric
|
the inability to see the world through anyone else's eyes
|
|
Piaget’s stages of cognitive development
|
1. sensorimotor stage
2.preoperational state 3.Concrete Operations 4.Formal Operations |
|
conservation
|
the ability to understand that simply changing the appearance of an obj does not change the obj's nature
|
|
observational learning
|
learning new behavior by watching a model perform that behavior
|
|
conservation
|
the ability to understand that simply changing the appearance of an obj does not change the obj's nature
|
|
object permanence
|
the knowledge that an obj exists even when it is not in sight.
|
|
insight learning
|
the sudden perception of relationships among various parts of a prob, allowng for the sol to come quickly.
|
|
chronic schizophrenia.
|
• Slow-developing- first appear late twenties slow gets worse and worse
•Recovery doubtful |
|
insight learning
|
the sudden perception of relationships among various parts of a prob, allowng for the sol to come quickly.
|
|
long-term memory
|
sys of memory into which all of info is placed to be kept more or less permanently.
|
|
symptoms of schizophrenia
|
Disorganized, delusional thinking
Disturbed percep –hallucinations- mostly auditory Inappropriate emo and actions |
|
object permanence
|
the knowledge that an obj exists even when it is not in sight.
|
|
long-term memory
|
sys of memory into which all of info is placed to be kept more or less permanently.
|
|
egocentric
|
the inability to see the world through anyone else's eyes
|
|
acute schizophrenia.
|
•Rapidly developing
•Can be a reaction to life stress- •Recovery much more likely –not necessarily back to normal but with drugs yes |
|
positive sympt of schizophrenia
|
pos: things they are doing when they shouldnt
• Presence of inappropriate behaviors • hallucinations, disorganized thinking, delusions, inappropriate emotions |
|
acute schizophrenia.
|
•Rapidly developing
•Can be a reaction to life stress- •Recovery much more likely –not necessarily back to normal but with drugs yes |
|
Implanted memories?
|
"Remember when" Hyman and Billings
1: obtain mem 2" ask abt 5 mem 3. ask again 2 days later. 50% recall Wade and Al. (2002) |
|
Implanted memories?
|
"Remember when" Hyman and Billings
1: obtain mem 2" ask abt 5 mem 3. ask again 2 days later. 50% recall Wade and Al. (2002) |
|
Implanted memories?
|
"Remember when" Hyman and Billings
1: obtain mem 2" ask abt 5 mem 3. ask again 2 days later. 50% recall Wade and Al. (2002) |
|
Implanted memories?
|
"Remember when" Hyman and Billings
1: obtain mem 2" ask abt 5 mem 3. ask again 2 days later. 50% recall Wade and Al. (2002) |
|
implicit memories
|
(procedural) processed in part by cerebellum
|
|
implicit memories
|
(procedural) processed in part by cerebellum
|
|
implicit memories
|
(procedural) processed in part by cerebellum
|
|
implicit memories
|
(procedural) processed in part by cerebellum
|
|
explicit memories
|
(declaritive) processed in hippocampus
|
|
explicit memories
|
(declaritive) processed in hippocampus
|
|
explicit memories
|
(declaritive) processed in hippocampus
|
|
explicit memories
|
(declaritive) processed in hippocampus
|
|
anterograde amnesia
|
memory intatct--> no new memories. (trauma)
|
|
anterograde amnesia
|
memory intatct--> no new memories. (trauma)
|
|
anterograde amnesia
|
memory intatct--> no new memories. (trauma)
|
|
anterograde amnesia
|
memory intatct--> no new memories. (trauma)
|
|
retrograde amnesia
|
loss of mem for the PAST
mem-->no new mem--> mem intact |
|
retrograde amnesia
|
loss of mem for the PAST
mem-->no new mem--> mem intact |
|
retrograde amnesia
|
loss of mem for the PAST
mem-->no new mem--> mem intact |
|
retrograde amnesia
|
loss of mem for the PAST
mem-->no new mem--> mem intact |
|
what are atitudes
|
tendency to respond pos or neg toward certain ppl ideas obj, or situation
|
|
what are atitudes
|
tendency to respond pos or neg toward certain ppl ideas obj, or situation
|
|
ABC's of attitudes
|
affective component (from expireient, feelings)
behavior component- acitons that someone takes cognitive component- way person thinks |
|
ABC's of attitudes
|
affective component (from expireient, feelings)
behavior component- acitons that someone takes cognitive component- way person thinks |
|
what are atitudes
|
tendency to respond pos or neg toward certain ppl ideas obj, or situation
|
|
for attitudes
|
formed from learning
direct intstruction-parents interactions w/ others vicarious learning (observational) |
|
ABC's of attitudes
|
affective component (from expireient, feelings)
behavior component- acitons that someone takes cognitive component- way person thinks |
|
for attitudes
|
formed from learning
direct intstruction-parents interactions w/ others vicarious learning (observational) |
|
for attitudes
|
formed from learning
direct intstruction-parents interactions w/ others vicarious learning (observational) |
|
change attitudes
|
persuasion
|
|
what are atitudes
|
tendency to respond pos or neg toward certain ppl ideas obj, or situation
|
|
change attitudes
|
persuasion
|
|
elaboration likelihood model
|
centraol route- attending content
peripheral route- factors not in message- appearance or length |
|
elaboration likelihood model
|
centraol route- attending content
peripheral route- factors not in message- appearance or length |
|
change attitudes
|
persuasion
|
|
attribution theory
|
tendency to give causal explanations for someones behavior, situational or dispositional cause (personality)
|
|
ABC's of attitudes
|
affective component (from expireient, feelings)
behavior component- acitons that someone takes cognitive component- way person thinks |
|
attritubes behavior to a situation or a disposition (T/F)
|
T
|
|
fundamental attribution error
|
judges character anddoesn't take into account situation
|
|
elaboration likelihood model
|
centraol route- attending content
peripheral route- factors not in message- appearance or length |
|
cognitive dissonance
|
uncomfortable when thoughts and hajaviors don't correspond.
|
|
fundamental attribution error
|
judges character anddoesn't take into account situation
|
|
how does cognitive dissonance explain the effect ou action on attitudes
|
you form a new attitude to justify the behavior
|
|
attribution theory
|
tendency to give causal explanations for someones behavior, situational or dispositional cause (personality)
|
|
prejudice
|
neg attitude abt members of a particular social group in america it is has waned
|
|
attribution theory
|
tendency to give causal explanations for someones behavior, situational or dispositional cause (personality)
|
|
discrimination
|
treating ppl dif before of prejudice
|
|
cognitive dissonance
|
uncomfortable when thoughts and hajaviors don't correspond.
|
|
IAT (Implicit association test)
|
speed of response of positive words to white people vs black ppl.
|
|
attritubes behavior to a situation or a disposition (T/F)
|
T
|
|
roots of prejudice
|
social emotional cognitive
|
|
for attitudes
|
formed from learning
direct intstruction-parents interactions w/ others vicarious learning (observational) |
|
attritubes behavior to a situation or a disposition (T/F)
|
T
|
|
fundamental attribution error
|
judges character anddoesn't take into account situation
|
|
change attitudes
|
persuasion
|
|
how does cognitive dissonance explain the effect ou action on attitudes
|
you form a new attitude to justify the behavior
|
|
fundamental attribution error
|
judges character anddoesn't take into account situation
|
|
elaboration likelihood model
|
centraol route- attending content
peripheral route- factors not in message- appearance or length |
|
cognitive dissonance
|
uncomfortable when thoughts and hajaviors don't correspond.
|
|
cognitive dissonance
|
uncomfortable when thoughts and hajaviors don't correspond.
|
|
attribution theory
|
tendency to give causal explanations for someones behavior, situational or dispositional cause (personality)
|
|
how does cognitive dissonance explain the effect ou action on attitudes
|
you form a new attitude to justify the behavior
|
|
how does cognitive dissonance explain the effect ou action on attitudes
|
you form a new attitude to justify the behavior
|
|
attritubes behavior to a situation or a disposition (T/F)
|
T
|
|
Interpersonal Attraction
|
Desire for a relationship w/ another person
|
|
What are the factors that influence attraction?
|
proximity- geographically
physical-symmetry similarity-on views |
|
What factors influence physical attraction?
|
symmetry, only after proximity, unrelated to self-esteem and happiness
|
|
What are the 3 components of love?
|
•intimacy -how close you feel
• passion-physical •commitment-desicions |
|
Passionate Love
|
intamacy and passion from start (if aroused you will see them as more attractive)
|
|
companionate Love
|
intimacy and commitment arises from passionate love.
|
|
What are the keys to companionate love?
|
•Self-disclosure – revealing intimate details self
Equity-reveive from rela what they put in |
|
Aggression
|
any behavior intended to hurt/destroy
|
|
How is aggressive behavior determines by biology and learning?
|
genes, testosterone-physical agression,
|
|
Interpersonal Attraction
|
Desire for a relationship w/ another person
|
|
What are the factors that influence attraction?
|
proximity- geographically
physical-symmetry similarity-on views |
|
What factors influence physical attraction?
|
symmetry, only after proximity, unrelated to self-esteem and happiness
|
|
What are the 3 components of love?
|
•intimacy -how close you feel
• passion-physical •commitment-desicions |
|
Passionate Love
|
intamacy and passion from start (if aroused you will see them as more attractive)
|
|
companionate Love
|
intimacy and commitment arises from passionate love.
|
|
What are the keys to companionate love?
|
•Self-disclosure – revealing intimate details self
Equity-reveive from rela what they put in |
|
Aggression
|
any behavior intended to hurt/destroy
|
|
How is aggressive behavior determines by biology and learning?
|
genes, testosterone-physical agression,
|
|
agression determined by biology and learning?
|
possibly linked to Y chromosome (genetically linked) and testosterone
•Learning Aggression is Rewarding •Observing Models of Aggression |
|
what is frustration-aggression hypthesis
|
frustration-->anger--> generate aggression(caused: blocked to achieve goal)
|
|
social roles in agression
|
zimbardo study- guards - people takes on the role given in 5 days- supposed to last 2 weeks- power of situation
|
|
agression related to violence in media?
|
breeds violence if violents (games movies correlational-stronger than cig and lung cancer) less autonomic nervos system stimuation
|
|
altruism
|
Unselfish regard for the welfare of others
|
|
bystander effect
|
tendency more bystanders to be less likely for individual to give aid
|
|
diffusion of responsibility
|
Ppl fail to take respons for action (or incation) because of presence of others.
|
|
5 decision points in helping behavior
|
–Noticing
–Defining an emergency –Taking responsibility –Planning a course of action –Taking action |
|
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS)
|
small head, brain abnormalities, mental retardation (mother drank while prego)
|
|
brain develop prenatally and after birth
|
overproduces neurons prenatally, peaks at 28 bil neurons in womb, 23 bill at birth.
|
|
Strange Situation test
|
results:
60^ comfortabl when mother present, detressed when she leaves and seek contact when returns. others less like to explore, cry when she leves continues to be distresed when she returns. |
|
parenting styles
|
authoritarian, permissive, authoritative
|
|
authoritarian style
|
parents impose rules and expect obedience
|
|
permissive style
|
parents subunit to children's demands
|
|
authoritative style
|
parents are demanding but responsive to their children, best self estee, reliance, and social competence.
|
|
2 cues to depth perception
|
binocular cues- 2 eyes- convergence move together for close far apart for distance
monocular cues- 1 eye |
|
monocular cues depth percep
|
relative size, interposition occlusion, areal perspec, linear perspec, texture gradient, motion parallax. depth cues. rel height, clarity
|
|
gestalt grouping principle-
|
proximty, similarity, continuity, connectedness, closure , common fate.
|
|
connectedness
|
Elements that r connected r perceived as group
|
|
common fate
|
elements w/ same move direction r perceived ascollective or unit.
|
|
cones
|
color sens: yes
detail sens: yes light sense: kiw center of retina, 6 mill |
|
rods
|
color sense: no
dtail sens: no light" high location periphery 120 mill |
|
afterimage
|
remains after you look away, due to Opponent Process Theory- process 4 prim colors R-G,B-Y, B-W competition between colors.
|
|
Opponent Process Theory-
|
process 4 prim colors R-G,B-Y, B-W competition between colors.
|
|
TriChromatic Theory
|
ret contain 3 receptors max sensitive to red blue green wavelength, we percieve color in our heads.
|
|
Fovea
|
central pt in retine where image focused
|
|
optic nerve
|
carries neural impulses from eye to brain
|
|
blind spot
|
pt where optic nerve leaves the eye
|
|
Retina
|
light sensitive inner surface of eye- w/ rods and cones + bipolar and ganglion cells
|
|
illusory correlation
|
phenomena of seeing relationship 1 expects in a set of data even when no such relationship exists
|
|
Experimenters isolate cause and effect by
|
manipulation of variable of interest, while controlling everything else.
|
|
SOMA
|
cell body, cells life support center- integrates all info from dendrites
|
|
dendrites
|
tree branches of cell, revieces messages
|
|
myelin sheath
|
covers axon of some neurons and helps speed neural impulses.
|
|
prop of action potential
|
brif elec charge travels
all or none response- exceeds threshold neuron fires intensity all ways the same - firing a gun. |
|
synapse
|
junction between axon tip sending neuron and dendrite of recieving
|
|
neutransmitter rxn
|
excitory causes recieving cell to fire acion
inhibitory- cause recievingcell to stop firing |
|
Prozac
|
selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) keeps bound to receptor for longer increasing effect. blocks reuptake channels to reuse the serotonin.
|
|
Central NErvous System (CNS)
|
brain and spinal cord
|
|
Peripheral Nervous system (PNS)
|
the sensory and motor neurons that connect central nervous sys to the rest of the body.
|
|
autonomic nervous system
|
part of PNS that controls glands and other muscles (nonskeletal)
|
|
somatic nervous system
|
division of pns that controls the body's skeletal muscles
|
|
sympathetic nervous system
|
div of ANS that arouses body, stress response
FIGHT OR FLIGHT |
|
parasympathetic nervous system
|
div of ANS calms body, conserving energy
REST and DIGEST |
|
brain lesion
|
exper destroys brain tissue to study animal behaviors after such destruction- correlational evi
|
|
EEG (Electroencephalogram)
|
amplified recording of electric activity of brains surface (Electrodes on scalp) Great temporal resolution not good spacial resolution
|
|
PET (Positron emission tomography)
|
ingest radioactive glucose, and it tracks glucose in brain
|
|
fMRI (functional magnetic resonance imaging)
|
looks a soft tissue, excellent spatial resolution (mm) measures concentrations of oxygen, oxygenated vs deoxygentated bld pools.
|
|
4 lobes of cortex
|
frontal lobe, parietal lobe, occipital lobe, temporal.
|
|
brainstem
|
where spinal cords swells and enters ksull, responsible for automatic survival function, breathing, heart (hit this and die)
|
|
thalamus
|
brains sensory switchboard, top of brainstem- directs messgaes to sensory areas in cortex (all sense BUT SMEll)
|
|
cerebellum
|
attech rear of brainsem- coordinate voluntary movements balance, learning skills (alcohol affects this)
|
|
limbic system
|
system at border of brain stem and cerebrum, emotions fear aggression drives for food sex.
|
|
motor cortex
|
involved in the planning, control, and execution of voluntary motor func (between frontal and snesory cortex)
|
|
sensory cortex
|
recieves info from skin surface and sense organs (between mortor cortex and parietal lobe)
|
|
corpus callosum
|
(right above thalamus) facilitates communication between left and right hemisphere
|
|
if corpus callosum damaged?
|
split brain patients- ___ flashes on left side subject can't name can only pick it up w/ left hand. If ____ flasehs on right side, sub can name i and pick it up with right hand
|
|
aphasia
|
a language impairment, caused by left hemispere damage to either broca's area (speaking) or Wernicke's (understanding)
|
|
Broca's area
Weknicke's area |
broca= speaking
Wernicke's= understanding |
|
how do ppl physically devel during adolescene?
|
sexual maturation,
|
|
what changes take place in brain during adolescence
|
selective pruning of connections- unused neuronal connections- lost.
Limbic devel before frontal- makes impulsive + hormones |
|
kohlberg's stages of moral development
|
preconventional morality <9yrs
conventional morality: early adolescence Postconventional Morality: later in life |
|
conventional morality
|
by early adolesc social rules and law are upheld for their own sake
|
|
postconventional morality
|
affirm ppls agreed upon right or follows personally percieved ethical principles
|
|
preconventional morality
|
<9 yrs children show morality to avoid punishment or gain reward
|
|
classical conditioning
|
learning- org learns to associate stimuli 2 thinks in envir to things we don't control CS and US --> UR and CR
|
|
biology constrains associations over others
|
biological preparedness, more likely to associate food w/ nausea than sight and sound.
|
|
operant conditioning
|
forma association between behavior and resulting events (rewards and punishments)
|
|
successive approximations
|
little steps along the way to get to the right behavior
|
|
learned helplessness
|
failure to escape from situations because of previous failures so no trying
|
|
cognitive learning theory
|
latent learning, insight learning- sudden percep of relationships between parts of a problem
|
|
mood dependent memory
|
play happy or sad music- think happy or sad thoughts
|
|
mood congruent memory
|
a given mood tends to cue memories that are consistent w/ that mood.
|
|
encoding specificity
|
memory is most effective when information available at encoding is also present at retrieval
provides a retrieval cue. |
|
retrieval cues
|
Any stimulus that helps us recall information in long-term memory
|
|
selective attention
|
attention processes act like funnel, more energy to processing what's important other stuff funneled out.
|
|
Working memory in visual and auditory elements
|
acts as an interpreter for visual and auditory stored in short-tern mem. (process that allows you to see and hear is working, short is act is short term.
|
|
T/F we automatically process things in time or space.
|
T
|
|
Elaborative rehearsal
|
a method of transferring info from STM to LTM by making info meaningful
|
|
maintenance rehearsal
|
prac of saying some info to be remembered repeatitivly so into STM
|
|
What type of rehearsal is more efficient
|
elaborataive rehearsal
|
|
types of encoding
|
•Semantic encoding (meaning)stronger
•Acoustic encoding (sound) •Visual encoding (visual structure) |
|
Semantic encoding
|
(meaning)-much stronger memory
|
|
•Acoustic encoding
|
(sound)
|
|
Visual encoding (visual structure)
|
(visual structure)
|
|
3 stage model of memory
|
sensory memory, short-term memory, long term memory
|
|
types of long-term information
|
Procedural (nondeclaritive)LTM
Declarative memory LTM |
|
procedural (implicit) [nondeclaritive memory
|
type of ltm momry for skills, procedures, habits, and oconditioned responses
|
|
declarative memory
|
type of LTM that is conscious and known
|
|
memory
|
active system recieves info from senses put info in to usabe form stores then retrieves.
|
|
proactive interference
|
mem prob that occurs when older info prevents learning or retrieval of newer info
|
|
retroactive interference
|
mem prob occurs when neewer info prevents retrieval of older info
|
|
serial position effect
|
info at beginning and end of body of info to be remembered more than info in the middle of info
|
|
what contributs to forgetting
|
encoding, storage, or retrieval failures
|
|
sleeping and memory interference
|
–Sleep avoids retroactive interference thus leading to better recall
|
|
–Memory is a constructive process
|
We filter or fill in missing pieces of information to make our recall more coherent
|
|
recostruction leads to false memories
|
misinformation effect Incorporating misleading information into one's memory of an event
|
|
implanted membories
|
hyman and billings implanted 1 momery
|
|
key to disorder
|
dysfunction
|
|
psychological disorders must b
|
deviant distressful and dysfunctional
|
|
biopsychosocial approach
|
perscpective that abnorm behavior result of bio psychological social and cultural influences.
|
|
biological model
|
•Concept that diseases can be diagnosed, treated and cured
|
|
psychological models
|
Psychodynamic
Behavorial Cognitive |
|
absolute threshold
|
lowest lvl of stim that person can consciously detect 50% of time stim is present
|
|
difference threshold
|
smallest difference between two stimuli of differing intensities that the participant is able to detect 50%
|
|
psychophysics
|
study: relationship between physical char of stimuli and our psychological exp of them
|
|
inattentional blindess
|
a person fails to notice some stimulus that is in plain sight (can't pick up everything)
|
|
bottum-up processing
|
analyzsis of small feat to build up to complete percep
|
|
top-down processing
|
use of preexisting knowledge to organize individ features into whole.
|
|
wavelength in vision
|
hue, color, shorter purple longer red
|
|
amplitude
|
Amp ^ lighter, amp , Darker
intensity ^ darker , lighter |
|
Goals of Psychology
|
learning how things work Description:what
Explanation:why Prediction:when Control:how to change it |
|
nativism, empiricism (nature vs nurture)
|
fight is it influence nurture or hard wired nature
|
|
nurture, empiricism
|
belief that childhood exp influences the devel later personality traits and psychological probs
|
|
nativism (nature)
|
the idea that our thoughts, ideas, and characteristics are inborn
|
|
3 main lvls of analysis in psychology
|
Biological; Psychological; Social-cultural
|