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28 Cards in this Set
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Long-term memory |
Archives information and knowledge for very long periods of time. Resolution in the LTM varies and collaborates with WM. |
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Primacy effect |
Words at the beginning of a list are easier to recall since they can be rehearsed more and rehearsal is a process used to consolidate information into LTM. |
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Recency effect |
Words at the end of a list are easier to remember since they are still present in our STM. Can be countered by using articulatory supression (using the phonological loop for something else). |
Associated research: Glanzer and Cunitz, Prevent rehearsal by counting backwards after last word, blocked the recency effect, but primacy effect still observable since information in LTM. |
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Retrograde amnesia |
Long-term memory impairment focused prior to an accident, can be temporally graded. |
Example patient H.M also suffered from anterograde amnesia, but STM intact. Clive wearing also suffered from anterograde amnesia, but STM intact. **both had damage to the hippocampus |
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Anterograde amnesia |
Impairment in forming new LTM. |
Example: patient HM also suffered from retrograde amnesia but no STM impairment. Clive Wearing also retrograde amnesia **both damage to hippocampus. |
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Episodic memory |
Concerned about personal events. Episodic memories will not always be very accurate, but emotive and detailed. Associated with the hippocampus. Will be associated with the keyword remember in experiments. |
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Semantic memory |
Type of memory concerned with facts and knowledge. Doesn't require direct knowledge. Associated with the temporal lobe. Will be associated with keyword know in experiments. |
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Semanticization of memories |
As time goes by episodic memories become semantic as they lose details and specificity. |
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Explicit-declarative memory |
Conscious types of memory. Includes semantic and episodic memories. |
Affected by patients suffering from amnesia (korsakoff's syndrome) |
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Implicit/non-declarative memories |
Unconscious knowledge and influences of memories. Includes procedural memories (how to do things), knowledge aquired through classical conditioning and repetition priming (responding faster on second presentation of a stimulus) |
Non affected in patients with amnesia (korsakoff's syndrome) |
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Expertise-induced amnesia |
Related to procedural memory. Knowledge of procedures to do things unconsciously. Paying attention to the steps of the process reduces performance. |
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Encoding |
The process of acquiring information and transforming it into memory as opposed to coding, a form of information representation. |
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Retrieval |
Process of transferring information from LTM to working memory |
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Rehearsal |
1. Maintenance rehearsal Maintains information by repetition inside STM, but does not transfer it to LTM. 2. Elaborative rehearsal Draw connections between information through meaning to transfer it to LTM. |
Two types |
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Levels of processing theory |
1. Shallow processing: little attention to meaning, focus on physical features results in poor memory 2. Deep processing: close attention to meaning results in better memory |
Associated research: Craig and Tulving Three conditions with processing from shallow (physical features), depper (rhyming) to deepest (fill in the blanks) the deepest the processing, the better the recall |
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Visual imagery |
Type of deep processing where you visualize the association to better recall it. |
Related research: Bower and winzenz Comparing repetition to visualization |
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Self-reference effect |
Relating words or concepts to yourself leads to better recall. (Better than paying attention to meaning) |
Related research: Roger et al. Foor conditions: physical, rhyme, meaning, describes you |
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Generation effect |
Creating information increases recall as opposed to passive reception of information |
Related research: Slameka and Graf Participants had to generate a word as paired to another word and then recall the pair. |
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Organizing information |
Organizing information in a meaningful way aids recall as words linked to others serve as cued recalls. (In a tree shape for example) |
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Survival processing |
Natural selection shaped memory processes to prioritize the most adaptive ones. Elements with an adaptive significance are easier to recall (food, navigation, reproduction, social exchange) only technique more efficient than self-reference. |
Related research: Nairn et al. Easier to recall words relating to survival then words relating to moving or to pleasantness. |
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Retrieval practise |
Practising retrieval by the use of flash-cards and self-test strengthens connections and improves recall. |
Associated research: Roeder and Karpicke Practising retrieval resulted in better recall them a relecture after 2 days and after a week. |
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Encoding specificity |
We learn information together with its context. Retrieval is improved if in the same environment as when information was encoded. |
Associated research: Baddeley's diving experiment Underwater-underwater and On land- on land conditions better than mixed conditions. |
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State-dependent learning |
Learning is associated with the particular internal state at the time when the information is learned. Depends on mood, pain and substance use concordance. |
Associated research: Eich and Metcalfe Better recall in conditions Sad-sad and Happy-happy then in mixed conditions. |
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Transfer-appropriate learning |
Encoding is more effective is the same task is done for encoding and retrieval. |
Associated research: Morris et al. Recall was better for Rhyming-rhyming and Meaning-meaning conditions then in mixed conditions. |
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Synaptic consolidation |
Repeated stimulation leads to rapid firing of neurons and structural changes in the post-synaptic neuron that lead to an enhanced response. Rapid as compared to systems consolidation. |
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Standard model of consolidation |
During consolidation retrieval depends on the neural links between the hippocampus and different areas of the cortex. After consolidation, links between areas of the cortex are sufficient and the hippocampus is no longer needed. Nature of the memory also influences retrieval as episodic memories are associated with emotions and the hippocampus and gradually over time as they are semanticized they become encoded in the cortex and independent of the hippocampus. |
Associated research: Vision t'as and coworkers How hippocampal responses change as memories become semanticized |
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Consolidation and sleep |
Sleep helps consolidation as it prevents the possibility of retroactive interference (no new information). Alcohol in moderate consumption has a similar effect. |
Associated research: Gais et al. Effect of sleep on consolidation |
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Reconsolidation |
The process by which memories are retrieved (fragile) modified by new information and and reconsolidated (strengthened). Required for temporal stability. The protein anisomycin can prevent reconsolidation and virtually "erase" memories. The drug propranolol can be administered during retrieval of traumatic memories to reduce the emotive response during retrieval, but also during reconsolidation, which lowers the subsequent emotional responses to the memory of the traumatic event (effective treatment against PTSD) |
Associated research: Brunet et al. Effect of propranolol in reconsolidation of emotional memories. |