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35 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
psychology
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the scientific study of behavior and mental processes
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pseudopsychologies
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only give the appearance of science
i.e. psychics, palmistry, psychometry, psychokinesis, astrology, etc. |
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"father of psychology"
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Wilhelm WUNDT
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introspection
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involved monitoring/reporting on conscious experiments
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structuralism
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identify building blocks of mental life through introspection
determine how they combine to form the whole of experience |
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why structuralism failed as a working psychological approach
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introspection can't be used to study animals, children, or complex mental disorders
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functionalism
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how the mind functions to adapt humans & other animals to their environment
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functionalism was strongly influenced by ____________'s theory of ____________.
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Charles Darwin
evolution |
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psychoanalysis is based on __________'s theory that many psychological problems are caused by conflicts between "acceptable" and "unacceptable" unconscious __________ or __________ motives
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Freud's
sexual, aggressive |
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behavioral perspective
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emphasizes objective, observable environmental influences on overt behavior
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behavioral perspective is ________ introspection
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against
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behaviorism's founder, Watson, adopted Pavlov's concept of ________ to explain behavior as a result of observable stimuli and responses
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conditioning
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humanistic perspective
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emphasizes free will and self-actualization
voluntary behavior and a state of self-fulfillment |
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Rogers & Maslow (humanists) believe that all individuals naturally ______
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strive to develop and go towards self-fulfillment
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cognitive perspective
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how we gather, encode, and store information
mental processes: perception, memory, imagery, concept formation, problem solving, reasoning, decision making, language |
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neuroscientific/biopsychological
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basically examining behavior through genetics and biological processes in the brain and the nervous system
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evolutionary perspective
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stresses natural selection, adaptation, and evolution of behavior and mental processes
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sociocultural perspective
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social interactions and cultural factors behind behavior and mental processes
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7 contemporary MAJOR perspectives
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1. psychoanalytic/psychodynamic
2. behaviorist 3. humanist 4. cognitive 5. neuroscientific/biopsychological 6. evolutionary 7. sociocultural |
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biopsychosocial model
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widely accepted, unifying theme of modern psych
biological processes, psychological factors, and social forces as interrelated, inseparable influences |
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basic research
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conducted in research laboratories
meets first 3 goals of psych: description, explanation, prediction |
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applied research
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outside the lab
meets 4th goal of psych: change existing real-world problems |
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meta-analysis
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with contradictory findings, combining results of all studies to reach conclusions about overall weight of evidence
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steps of scientific method
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1. literature review
2. testable hypothesis, operationally defined 3. research design 4. statistical analysis 5. peer-reviewed scientific journal 6. theory |
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literature review
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read what's already been published (in major scientific journals) on the subject
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testable hypothesis, operationally defined
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testable hypothesis: specific prediction about how 1 factor/variable is related to another
variables have to be operationally defined: stated precisely and in measurable terms |
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research design
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chooses best r.d. to test hypothesis and collect data
i.e. naturalistic observation, case study, survey, experiment, etc. |
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statistical analysis
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on raw data to find whether results support/reject hypothesis
organize, summarize, interpret numerical data |
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peer-reviewed scientific journal
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writes up study and results and submits it to peer-reviewed scientific journal
to ask other scientists to critically evaluate it basis for publication |
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theory
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after 1+ studies on it, researchers generally advance a theory to explain the results
can lead to new/different hypothesis and new methods of inquiry |
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informed consent
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participant should know nature of the study, including physical risks, discomfort, or unpleasant emotional experiences
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T/F
participants cannot withdraw after research has begun. |
F
they are free to decline to participate or withdraw at any time |
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when deception is used in certain research areas, participants must be _______ at the end of the experiment.
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debriefed
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the Barnum Effect
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making things widely relatable
"there's something here for everybody" |
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4 major types of psychological research
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1. experimental
2. descriptive 3. correlational 4. biological |