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38 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Collective Behavior
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voluntary, spontaneous behaviour, engaged by a large number of people and typically violates dominant norms and values
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What are the Characteristics of Collective Behavior?
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Limited interaction: short, or non-existent
Unclear norms: no set rules, people make up new social norms as they go along Limited unity: seldom share sense of group identity, usually involves people who do not necessarily know each other |
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crowds
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temporary gathering of people
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conventional crowd
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gathered for scheduled event, generally act in line with social norms
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casual crowds
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people happen to be in the same place at the same time, temporary
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forms around emotionally charged activities, dominant expression is joy
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expressive crowd
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Acting crowd
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so emotionally focused that it may erupt in violent behaviour, results in violation of established norms
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political crowds
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crowds that engage in activities intended to achieve political goals, generally non-violent and contain leadership
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mobs
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more violent form of acting crowd
• members united by a specific destructive/violent goal • usually has group leaders who enforce conformity among group members • actions represent challenge to authority |
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riots
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Erupt in destructive behaviour, less unified/ structured than mobs
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panics
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collective behaviour triggered by fear
• Spontaneous, uncoordinated group action to escape perceived threat • Mutual cooperation breaks down • Norms that govern behaviour are no longer in place |
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moral panics
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people become fearful, without reason, about behaviour that appears to threaten society’s core values
• Usually fuelled by mass media (social/moral crisis) • Public demands action, but rarely lasts long |
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mass hysteria
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Unfounded anxiety shared by people scattered over a wide geographic area
• Involves irrational beliefs and behaviours spread by the population • fuelled by the media • Usually short-lived |
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fashion
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enthusiastic attachments among large numbers of people for particular styles of appearance or behaviour;
• Mostly related to clothing • Short-lived and subject to continual change • e.g. grunge look • Change = progress, social mobility, new social status and status symbols |
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fads
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An unconventional object, action, or idea that a large number of people are attached to for a very short period of time
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rumors
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unverified piece of information that is spread rapidly from one person to another
• Lack of definite information about a subject of interest • Content changes as it passes from person to person • Generally difficult to control and can persist for years |
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urban legends
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stories that teach a lesson and seem realistic but are untrue
• Arise and spread because of unclear situations • Seem true because usually include specifics |
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public opinion
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collection of differing attitudes that members of a group of geographically scattered people have about a particular issue
• short lived, people change views quickly • e.g. public opinion polls on political candidates, views on equality • often influenced by propaganda • e.g. endorsements by famous people, associate a candidate with something the public approves of or respects |
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contagion theory
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people give up their individuality to the pull of the group
• Crowd behaviour is contagious and breaks down individual restraint • Collective behaviour is irrational, people will do things they wouldn’t do alone |
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convergence theory
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Focus on shared emotions, goals and beliefs
• People with similar attributes find collective of like minded people • Collective behaviour is rational |
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social change
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Transformation of culture and social institutions
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social movement
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An organised group that acts consciously to promote or resist change through collective action
• Improve social conditions |
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what are the distinguishing features of social movements?
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Long lasting
• Highly structured organisation, with formally recognised leaders • Deliberate attempt to encourage or block societal change |
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alternative movements
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seek limited change in some aspect of people’s lives
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redemptive change
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selective focus, seek radical change
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reform movements
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seek to improve society by changing an aspect of the social structure, targets all members of society
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Revolutionary movements
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seek to bring about a total change in society
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name and describe the stages of social movements
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Emergence: perception that something is wrong
• Coalescence: movement defines itself, goes public • Bureaucratisation: organising to get things done • Decline: movement in need of regrouping, time to stop? • Success • Organisational problems • Leadership sells out to other interests • Repression / forced to stop |
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deprivation theory
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Social movements arise among people who feel deprived
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relative deprivation
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perceived disadvantage arising from a specific comparison to situation of others
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Resource mobilisation theory
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Importance of resources in the development and success of social movements
• Knowledge, money, communication facilities • Members are recruited through social networks • Commitment to the movement is maintained by building collective identity |
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Structural Strain Theory
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pre-conditions for emergence of social movements
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What are the characteristics of stuctural strain theory?
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Structural conduciveness: people come to realise that their society has problems
2. Structural strain: people experience deprivation 3. Growth and spread of a solution: generalised belief of what is wrong and what could be done about it 4. Catalyst: precipitating factor/incident that sparks collective behaviour 5. Mobilisation: protest, rallies, and action 6. Lack of social control: response of the entity that needs changing: repression or giving green light for change |
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The "strength" of an interpersonal tie is combination of:
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amount of time
•emotional intensity •mutual confiding •reciprocity |
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Strong social ties:
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Social support, peer influence
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Weak social ties:
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embeddedness and structure of social networks in society
•transmission of information through these networks |
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social action
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Working alone and together, people act for the benefit of others, their community, and society
socially validated but not socially mandated |
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What are the motivations for volunteering?
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Values: Volunteering to satisfy personal values or humanitarian concerns.
Understanding: Volunteering to gain a better understanding of people, or places. Enhancement: Volunteering to feel better about yourself or escape other pressures. Personal development: Volunteering to challenge yourself, make new friends, or further your career. Social: Volunteering allows an individual to strengthen his or her social relationships Protective: Volunteering to reduce negative feelings, such as guilt or to address personal problems |