Psyc 311 Mcgill -Post Midterm Material

Front 1

broca's aphasia

Back 1

L pars opercularis and part of trangularis
L ventral pre-central gyrus
L insula
basal ganglia (subcortical necessary for motor parts of langage)
damage to superior medial artery/middle cerebral artery (supply of lateral cortex) = upper division syndrome

Front 2

wernicke aphasia

Back 2

comprehension aphasia
speech without sense
superior temporal gyrus

Front 3

L angular gyrus

Back 3

comprehension of visual imputs
ALEXIA
dyslexia

Front 4

L supramarginal gyrus

Back 4

agraphias ; posteriorly PURE
ideomotor apraxia/ideational
somatosensory disorders

Front 5

Insula

Back 5

emotions
pre-central gyrus = speech apraxia (section 6)
post-central gyrus = ventral object streams for somatosensory information
-SI to SII to insula to entorhinal cortex

Front 6

transcortical aphasia

Back 6

all surroundings but the langage areas are destroyed (no mind)
can repeat and even learn but no cognition; no spontaenous

Front 7

sodium amytal test

Back 7

Wada;
PROVIDE best info about where language is (inactivate 1hemis)

Front 8

infarction of broca's area

Back 8

mutism and migrate to an apraxia (no aggramatism)

Front 9

primary motor association cortex

Back 9

6vc = central coloum (posterior)
6vr = ventrorostral ; where are mirror neurons.
connected to area 4

Front 10

dysgranular frontal area

Back 10

intermediate motor cognitive. btw 44 and 6 ; typical prefrontal cortex
-planning and execute movements (cognitive functions)
-layer 4 begin to emerge

Front 11

granular frontal xortex

Back 11

area 45 ; good layer 4

Front 12

monkey arcuate sulcus

Back 12

f4 = 6vc
f5= 6vr
motor 4= f1
44 is a cognitive center
45 = retrieval of information ccenter

Front 13

SSII

Back 13

secondary somatosensory area: dorsal sylvian fissure (fronto-parietal operculum)

Front 14

ideomotor apraxia

Back 14

supramarginal area
-cannot understand motor related instructions (but each are ok alone)
-disconnesction syndrome

Front 15

somatosensory disorders

Back 15

supramarginal : code xomplex combinations of somatosensory informtion

Front 16

rostral posterior parietal lobules

Back 16

movement, reaching, writing regions

Front 17

receptive fields

Back 17

smaller in straite cortex, bigger towards AIT and become less retinotopic organised

Front 18

v4 neurons

Back 18

code colors; only respond to little part that cover the retina at a specific emplacement

Front 19

hebb cell assembly

Back 19

cells that code difference features and the simulatenous firing represent a particular oject = group coding

Front 20

quiroga jenifer aniston

Back 20

respond to specific geature combination (little group of neurons)

Front 21

sparse coding (connor)

Back 21

respond to only one stimulus
learned or innate

Front 22

occipito-parietal stream

Back 22

spatial processing
superior longitudinal fasciculus
links with dorsal limbic and frontal
many imputs ; may be POLYSENSORY
mainly contralateral and peripheral visual fields (central too )

Front 23

occipito-temporal stream

Back 23

object information processing
inferior longitudinal fasciculus
subsequent links with amygdala and frontal area
TEO lesion = loss of pettern-discrimination
central representation
V1 to V2 to V3V4 to TEO and TE

Front 24

macrosmetic animals

Back 24

strong sense of smell

Front 25

left hippocampal lesion

Back 25

verbal memory system

Front 26

right hippocampal

Back 26

spatial memory impairement

Front 27

test of hebb

Back 27

digit span +1 (recurrin/non-recurring)
proved left is more verbal impairement

Front 28

delayed nonmatching sample

Back 28

recognition memory; have to choose novel objects

Front 29

entorhinal cortex

Back 29

critical memory structure (code the familiarity). send info to hippocampus

Front 30

hippocampus

Back 30

also critical
code name (LH) and location (RH)
archicortex

Front 31

amygdala

Back 31

add emotional

Front 32

piriform cortex

Back 32

primary olfactory cortex

Front 33

limbic lbe

Back 33

cingulate and parahippocampal gyrus
older in structure
very interconnected

Front 34

declarative memory

Back 34

depend on the neocortex ; send info to entorhinal cortex and then to hippocampus
NEO-STRIATAL STRUCTURES (cortico-hippocampal)
explicit

Front 35

procedural

Back 35

not really memory, more of an HABIT ; implicit
motor tasks
can be reinforced/extinctinced
AIT TO CAUDATE NUCLEUS (tail) DIRECTLY (and putamen) ; basal gnglia = cortico-striatal network = TEMPORAL STEM
then send to GP, thalamus and back to cortex
NON-COGNITIVE

Front 36

STM/LTM

Back 36

distinction is SHIFTING OF ATTENTION

Front 37

amygdala

Back 37

strong connection to hypothalamus via
STRIA TERMINALIS (around CN) ; branch to septum also
VENTRALAMYGDALOGUFAL ; direct
from entorhinal to this =
BASIC BIOLOGICAL DRIVE CAN BE REGULATED BY COGNITIVE INFO
neophobia (center of fear)
V1 feeback connections ; sensitize primary visual areas

Front 38

fornix

Back 38

extension of hippocampal system (connection to neocortex; permanent storage probablu)
PRE-commisural = septal region
POST-commisural = mamallary bodies
-send info to thalamus
DAMAGE = H+ like

Front 39

korsakoff syndrome

Back 39

destroy mamallary bodies = memory impariement

Front 40

reward system

Back 40

dissociation possible of pleasure and value of reinforcement (can reinforce without the amygdala)

Front 41

reward value

Back 41

basal ganglia = nucleus accumpus ; where the addiction takes place ; not MEMORIES but more the biological driving that is learned toward stg "useful" (not socially but physiologically)

Front 42

associative agnosia

Back 42

fusiform and inferior temporal gyrus (kinda anterior)
perception not impaired
cannot recognize
bilateral but can be juste right
more TE

Front 43

apperceptie agnosia

Back 43

bilateral more posterior (v4/v5)
perceptual defect
cannot imitate/recognize
more TEO

Front 44

anomia

Back 44

can recognize but not name the object (can identify non-verbally)

Front 45

semantic agnosia

Back 45

central part of temporal lobe
cannot categorize perceptions but can identify things individually

Front 46

propsagnosia

Back 46

face agnosia
1-unique non-face stimuli : unique
2-non-unique non-face : category-related
recognize par of the stimuy as independent fragment
may have some unconcious recognition
BILAT

Front 47

color agnosia

Back 47

1- anomia (near wernickes)
2- achromatopsia (pure case)
3- loss of ability t relate color to the correct objects; conceptual problem in color matching (general semantic regions)

Front 48

lingual gyrus

Back 48

contain parts of v2 and v3

Front 49

asterognosis

Back 49

impairement in tactile recognition of objects

Front 50

pariteal cortex

Back 50

general concept of space for all sensory modalities

Front 51

allocentric proessing

Back 51

visual information of reations btw objects far away
inferior parietal lobule in monkeys

Front 52

Egocentric processing

Back 52

objects close to own reach

Front 53

frontal lesions

Back 53

IQ and personality normal;
loss of capacity to PLAN and organise (working memory)
higher-control executive functions
- monitoring of own actions is impaired
- cannot adapt and let of of previous way of acting (cannot adapt)
-induce DISORGANIZED behavior

Front 54

area 46 (+9/46) dorsolateral prefrontal cortex

Back 54

monitoring of own actions in prefrontal cortex
"active STM". interact with all cortex to "think"

Front 55

AIT

Back 55

cortex visual processing
interpret and maintain the object in the mind
primary : slits/spots
tecture: pattern
elaborate : complex texture
other
weak
unresponsive

Front 56

posterior dorsolateral prefrontal cortex

Back 56

area 8/little 6
-problem with conditional associative learning tasks ; cannot make SELECTIONS (competition btw alternative responses)

Front 57

orbital frontal area

Back 57

strong connection with amygdala and hypothalamus
brain capacity to TURN OFF PAIN, FEAR, ECT.
regulate emotional/motivational states

Front 58

thalamus

Back 58

sensory relay station (primary) for ll except olfaction

Front 59

lateral geniculate body

Back 59

lateral = upper visual field (loop in temporal lobe)
medial = lower visual field (parietal)

Front 60

intraparietal sulcus

Back 60

realted to ACALCULIA

Front 61

hypothalamus

Back 61

biological drives

Front 62

alexia without agraphia

Back 62

damage to occipital and post-callosal fibers

Front 63

V4, V5

Back 63

v4 code color
v5 code movement

Front 64

AMNESIC SYNDROME

Back 64

ltm impairment
bilateral medial temporal lobe damage
H+A+ (entorhinal)

Front 65

Visual agnosia

Back 65

damage to left occipital lobe and nearby callosal fibers
-bilateral cortical-subcortical occipital lobe lesion (disconnected visual area from speech and limbic system)
-anterotemporal higher-order cortices and limbic system structures
-parietal/temporal/visual association cortices

Front 66

left hemisphere

Back 66

speech
smart search strategies
false memory (need to explain everything)
problem solving (cognitive activities)

Front 67

right hemisphere

Back 67

cannot speak
non-verbal communication
abstract things (that dont have a name)
spatial constructional
true memory

Front 68

radial fibers

Back 68

radiating blundles ; axons of pyramidal, fusiform and stellate cells) ; association or projection fiber

Front 69

tangantial fibers

Back 69

run horizontal to cortical surface : band of baillarger

Front 70

vertical radial arragenemtn

Back 70

supergranular : 2-3
infragranular : 5-6

Front 71

layer III

Back 71

lease cortex as association and commisurral fibers

Front 72

Layer V, VI

Back 72

leave as projection fibers

Front 73

heterotypical cortex

Back 73

cortex 1,5 (konio and agranular)

Front 74

homotypical

Back 74

six layers easily distinguised
2,3,4
maj. of cortex

Front 75

pure word deagness

Back 75

loss of connection of wernickes to auditory pathways
doesnt comprehend spoken langage but everything else is ok

Front 76

speech apraxia

Back 76

precentral gyrus of insula
cannot coordinate speech movements
often accompanied by oral apraxia

Front 77

bilateral speech reprensentation

Back 77

2/3
R = serial repetition
L = naming

Front 78

arcuate fasciculus

Back 78

auditory-motor pathway

Front 79

sympathetic dyspraxia

Back 79

broca's aphasia and right hemiplegia

Front 80

neural traces

Back 80

retention of visual information ; imply memory ; old central representation of previous stimuli (refined with new representations added)

Front 81

superior ocipital/parietal lesions

Back 81

balint syndrome
unability to recognize identity from movements (visuomotor signs)
-likely undetected

Front 82

posterior IT

Back 82

small RF = primary cells

Front 83

anterior IT (2/3)

Back 83

large RF, elaborate cells ; optimal stimuli is patterns of particular shape
selectivity of coding develop abruptly from this part
intermediate method of coding

Front 84

visual invariance

Back 84

phenomena in visual coding where an object must be recognizable from any angle of view .
invariant: achieved by visual cortex calculations
dependent: by learned temporal association

Front 85

sparsness

Back 85

neurons each resposive to some dicrete visual feature

Front 86

HM case

Back 86

condition mainly the same
slight improvment
no IQ loss or perceptual loss
no LTM ; cannot remember if delay/distraction
slight anterograde amnesia
STM is ok
intelligence came up cause less mino attack
not absolute loss (incompleteness of lesion)
procedural learning possible with intensive practice
lives from moment to moment
some retention of constant feature of environment

Front 87

medial temporal lobe damage

Back 87

riral encephalitis
posterior cerebral artery occlusion
alzheimer
H+A+/PRPH/H++/it-ento disconnection= severe
other less (because entorhinal is ok)
H+/mamallary is same

Front 88

medial temporal lobe

Back 88

hippocampal formation
amygdala
adjacent cortical area (ento,perirhinal, parahippocampal)
just needed to consolidate STM; after it leaves for the cortex for permanent storage

Front 89

working memory

Back 89

remember contextual informaion, to reason and make judgement
- in prefrontal cortex (middle part)

Front 90

dorsoventral prefrontal cortex

Back 90

active when doing 2 tasks simultaneously
related to memory (aneurysm can cause amnesia)

Front 91

frontal cortex connections

Back 91

inputs: partietal, prestriate and temporal cortex (long term storage of sensory)
outputs: hypothalamus and amygdala allow for emotional regulation